Evaluation of the freezing–thawing effect in sand–silt mixtures using elastic waves and electrical resistivity

Kang, Mingu; Lee, Jong-Sub

doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.02.004

Cited by 60 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Laboratory measurements of saline silty and sandy sediment, similar in grain size distribution to those at Muostakh Island, show that ice is present in the sediment for bulk resistivities over 10 m , although the boundary between ice-free and ice-bonded sediment may not be sharply defined, so that resistivity changes gradually with depth. We consider that any sand-silt mixture that is ice-bonded with fresh porewater, as is the case here based on the porewater concentrations from the drilling samples, and consistent with previous observations of submarine permafrost in the Laptev Sea, will have a resistivity not lower than 10 m, and probably higher than 100 m. This assumption is also based on laboratory measurements of bulk resistivity as a function of temperature and salinity for marine sediments which show that the change in bulk sediment resistivity from an unfrozen seawater-saturated sediment to a frozen ice-saturated sediment corresponds to a jump in resistivity from less than 10 to over 100 m (Frolov, 1998;King et al, 1988;Overduin et al, 2012). Uncertainties in IBP depth estimated from resistivity profiles thus correspond to the depth range of the bulk sediment resistivity increase from 10 to 100 m. Mean submarine permafrost degradation rate was calculated as the quotient of the depth to IBP (z pf ) and the time of erosion (t 0 ; time of inundation).…”

Section: Electrical Resistivity and Time Of Inundationsupporting

confidence: 88%

Coastal dynamics and submarine permafrost in shallow water of the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia

Overduin¹,

Wetterich²,

Günther³

et al. 2015

Preprint

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Abstract. Coastal erosion and relative sea-level rise transform terrestrial landscapes into marine environments. In the Arctic, these processes inundate terrestrial permafrost with seawater and create submarine permafrost. Permafrost begins to warm under marine conditions, which can destabilize the sea floor and may release greenhouse gases. We report on the transition of terrestrial to submarine permafrost at a site where the timing of inundation can be inferred from the rate of coastline retreat. On Muostakh Island in the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia, changes in annual coastline position have been measured for decades and vary highly spatially. We hypothesize that these rates are inversely related to the inclination of the upper surface of submarine ice-bonded permafrost (IBP) based on the consequent duration of inundation with increasing distance from the shoreline. We compared rapidly eroding and stable coastal sections of Muostakh Island and find permafrost-table inclinations, determined using direct current resistivity, of 1 and 5 %, respectively. Determinations of submarine IBP depth from a drilling transect in the early 1980s were compared to resistivity profiles from 2011. Based on boreholes drilled in 1982–1983, the thickness of unfrozen sediment overlying the IBP increased from 0 up to 14 m below sea level with increasing distance from the shoreline. The geoelectrical profiles showed thickening of the unfrozen sediment overlying ice-bonded permafrost over the 28 years since drilling took place. Parts of our geoelectrical profiles trace permafrost flooded, and showed that IBP degradation rates decreased from over 0.6 m a−1 following inundation to around 0.1 m a−1 as the duration of inundation increased to 250 years. We discuss that long-term rates are expected to be less than these values, as the depth to the IBP increases and thermal and pore water solute concentration gradients over depth decrease. For this region, it can be summarized that recent increases in coastal erosion rate and longer-term changes to benthic temperature and salinity regimes are expected to affect the depth to submarine permafrost, leading to coastal regions with shallower IBP.

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Section: Electrical Resistivity and Time Of Inundationsupporting

confidence: 88%

Coastal dynamics and submarine permafrost in shallow water of the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia

Overduin¹,

Wetterich²,

Günther³

et al. 2015

Preprint

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“…The elastic wave and electrical resistivity were measured at 1°C increments from −10 to 10°C during thawing, and the temperature was measured at 1‐min intervals. Detailed explanations of experimental conditions and methods were addressed by Kang and Lee (2015).…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Activation Energy in Soil through Elastic Wave Velocity and Electrical Resistivity

Lee

Byun

Yoon

2017

Vadose Zone Journal

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“…As a result, the transition from relatively low to high resistivity could be sharp or gradual depending on the physical and chemical conditions of subaquatic sediments. For example, laboratory studies by Overduin et al () and Kang and Lee () showed that the resistivity of frozen silty sands can range from below 10 Ω ·m to over 1,000 Ω ·m, depending on the temperature and porewater salinity. Alternative geophysical methods like ground‐penetrating radar have proven to be effective at mapping taliks below freshwater grounded ice zones (Stevens et al, ) but are not suited for highly electrically conductive saltwater (Annan, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat and Salt Flow in Subsea Permafrost Modeled with CryoGRID2

et al. 2019

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Thawing of subsea permafrost can impact offshore infrastructure, affect coastal erosion, and release permafrost organic matter. Thawing is usually modeled as the result of heat transfer, although salt diffusion may play an important role in marine settings. To better quantify nearshore subsea permafrost thawing, we applied the CryoGRID2 heat diffusion model and coupled it to a salt diffusion model. We simulated coastline retreat and subsea permafrost evolution as it develops through successive stages of a thawing sequence at the Bykovsky Peninsula, Siberia. Sensitivity analyses for seawater salinity were performed to compare the results for the Bykovsky Peninsula with those of typical Arctic seawater. For the Bykovsky Peninsula, the modeled ice‐bearing permafrost table (IBPT) for ice‐rich sand and an erosion rate of 0.25 m/year was 16.7 m below the seabed 350 m offshore. The model outputs were compared to the IBPT depth estimated from coastline retreat and electrical resistivity surveys perpendicular to and crossing the shoreline of the Bykovsky Peninsula. The interpreted geoelectric data suggest that the IBPT dipped to 15–20 m below the seabed at 350 m offshore. Both results suggest that cold saline water forms beneath grounded ice and floating sea ice in shallow water, causing cryotic benthic temperatures. The freezing point depression produced by salt diffusion can delay or prevent ice formation in the sediment and enhance the IBPT degradation rate. Therefore, salt diffusion may facilitate the release of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere and considerably affect the design of offshore and coastal infrastructure in subsea permafrost areas.

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Evaluation of the freezing–thawing effect in sand–silt mixtures using elastic waves and electrical resistivity

Cited by 60 publications

References 52 publications

Coastal dynamics and submarine permafrost in shallow water of the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia

Coastal dynamics and submarine permafrost in shallow water of the central Laptev Sea, East Siberia

Study of Activation Energy in Soil through Elastic Wave Velocity and Electrical Resistivity

Heat and Salt Flow in Subsea Permafrost Modeled with CryoGRID2

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