Evaluation of the effects of inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with enalapril in dogs with induced chronic renal insufficiency

Brown, Scott A.; Finco, Delmar R.; Brown, Cathy A.; Crowell, Wayne A.; Alva, Roberto; Ericsson, Glenn F.; Cooper, Tanya A.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.321

Cited by 70 publications

(75 citation statements)

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“…Brown et al [11] found increases in glomerular pressure 1 month after 3/4 renal ablation, but blood pressure was not increased. However, these authors found increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures 3 months after 11/12 renal ablation [10]. Thus, the development of hypertension may depend on what fraction of functioning nephrons is ablated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Activation of the RAA system and development of hypertension in association with renal failure have been reported in cats [20,30,41]. In dogs, development of hypertension following partial renal ablation has been described [10,14]; however, involvement of the RAA system has not been verified by measuring the RAA system.In the present study, we examined whether hypertension would develop in dogs with experimentally induced chronic renal failure and evaluated the potential causal role of the RAA system. Renal ablation was used to prepare a canine model of chronic renal failure, and blood pressure was determined by telemetry, which causes minimum stress and allows continuous around-the-clock measurements.…”

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Development of Hypertension and Effects of Benazepril Hydrochloride in a Canine Remnant Kidney Model of Chronic Renal Failure

Mishina

Watanabe

2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. In order to determine whether hypertension would develop in dogs with chronic renal failure, we performed 7/8 renal ablation in 6 healthy dogs and compared pre-and post-ablation blood pressures determined by telemetry. One month after the renal ablation, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly increased (p<0.05), creatinine clearance was decreased (p<0.05), and blood pressure was increased significantly (p<0.05). Simultaneously, plasma renin activity, angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone were elevated significantly (p<0.05) compared with the values obtained from 11 healthy dogs with intact renal function. The dogs with induced renal failure and hypertension were administered an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, benazepril hydrochloride, once daily for 2 weeks at 2 mg/kg body weight, and changes in blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system were determined. During the administration of benazepril hydrochloride, blood pressure, angiotensin II and aldosterone decreased significantly (p<0.05) and, upon discontinuation of administration, increased to the pre-administration levels (p<0.05). Plasma renin activity and angiotensin I showed no significant changes throughout the administration study. These results provide experimental evidence that hypertension develops in dogs with chronic renal failure through mechanisms involving the RAA system and demonstrate that benazepril hydrochloride improves renal hypertension in dogs. KEY WORDS: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, benazepril, canine, renal ablation, renal hypertension.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70 (5): [455][456][457][458][459][460] 2008 Hypertension is classified into essential and secondary hypertension and, in humans, essential hypertension accounts for 80 to 90% of hypertension patients [24]. In contrast, essential hypertension is relatively rare in veterinary practice [7,33]. Underlying reasons are that hypertension per se has no characteristic symptoms and blood pressure is not routinely determined in veterinary practice. Therefore, it is important to diagnose diseases that would lead to secondary hypertension and to identify the risk of developing secondary hypertension. Causes of secondary hypertension include renoparenchymal diseases, renovascular diseases, diabetes, Cushing syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and hypothyroidism and, of those, renoparenchymal disease-associated hypertension is most common in humans [24]. The mechanism of renal hypertension is thought to involve renal insufficiency-associated body fluid retention, increases in cardiac output and peripheral vessel resistance, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system and suppression of the kallikrein-kinin-prostaglandin system [2,3,17].A link between chronic renal failure and hypertension has been suggested in dogs and cats [1,6,12,13,22,26,27,29,30,34,[36][37][38]. Activation of the RAA system and development of hypertension in association with renal failure have been reported in cats [20,30,41]. ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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confidence: 99%

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Development of Hypertension and Effects of Benazepril Hydrochloride in a Canine Remnant Kidney Model of Chronic Renal Failure

Mishina

Watanabe

2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…In dogs, a positive correlation between magnitude of proteinuria and time to uremic crisis or death has been reported 5. Additionally, an association between use of medications that typically cause a reduction in magnitude of proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease and improved renal outcome measures has been reported in human and veterinary patients 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. The urine protein : creatinine ratio (UPC) is a common method for assessing the magnitude of proteinuria in dogs, and strongly correlates with 24‐hours urine protein excretion 13.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of common storage temperatures and container types on urine protein : creatinine ratios in urine samples of proteinuric dogs

Moyle

Specht

Hill

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundPreanalytic protein adsorption to polymer and glass container surfaces may decrease urine protein concentration measurements and urine protein: creatinine ratios (UPC).Hypothesis/ObjectivesUrine stored in PC or glass containers will have lower UPC than urine stored in HP containers. The specific objective was to determine whether clinically relevant differences in UPC would be detected after storage in glass, PC, or HP containers using common storage times and temperatures.AnimalsTwelve client‐owned dogs with proteinuria.MethodsProspective, nonmasked study, divided into 2 phases. The first phase was a pilot study involving multiple (n = 5) measurements at each storage condition using 24‐hours urine samples from 2 dogs with persistent renal proteinuria of different magnitude. The second phase used urine samples from 10 dogs with proteinuria of variable magnitude. Sample aliquots were stored in HP, PC, and glass containers at 24°C for 4 hours, 4°C for 12 hours, and −20°C for 72 hours. The UPC of each was measured after storage and compared with baseline.ResultsStatistically significant but clinically irrelevant differences were found in phase 1. In phase 2, storage conditions did not affect urinary protein or creatinine concentrations or UPC.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCollection and storage of canine urine samples in clean HP, PC, or glass containers at 24°C for 4 hours, 4°C for 12 hours, or −20°C for 72 hours is unlikely to result in clinically relevant decreases in measured UPC values.

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“…5 In addition, recent studies have shown that various therapeutic interventions, such as administration of angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors or dietary modifications, can reduce magnitude of proteinuria and slow progression of renal disease. [6][7][8][9] Because of such findings, veterinarians have begun to recognize potential benefits of reducing proteinuria in dogs with a variety of renal diseases, and treatment of dogs to reduce the magnitude of their proteinuria has been recommended. 4 Serial UPC monitoring is used to assess treatment efficacy, disease progression, and prognosis in proteinuric dogs.…”

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Day‐to‐Day Variation of the Urine Protein: Creatinine Ratio in Female Dogs with Stable Glomerular Proteinuria Caused by X‐Linked Hereditary Nephropathy

Nabity

Boggess

Kashtan

et al. 2007

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Interpretation of serial urine protein : creatinine (UPC) values is confounded by a lack of data regarding random biologic variation of UPC values in dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria.Hypothesis: That there is minimal day-to-day variability in the UPC of dogs with unchanging proteinuria and the number of measurements needed to reliably estimate UPC varies with the magnitude of proteinuria.Animals: Forty-eight heterozygous (carrier) female dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) causing stable proteinuria.Methods: Urine samples were obtained daily by cystocentesis for 3 consecutive days on 183 occasions (549 samples). The UPC was measured for each sample with a single dry-film chemistry auto-analyzer. Data were analyzed retrospectively by a power of the mean model because the variance of UPC values within the 3-day evaluation periods increased as the magnitude of proteinuria increased.Results: To demonstrate a significant difference (P , .05) between serial values in these proteinuric dogs, the UPC must change by at least 35% at high UPC values (near 12) and 80% at low UPC values (near 0.5). One measurement is adequate to reliably estimate the UPC when UPC ,4, but 2-5 determinations are necessary at higher UPC values.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These guidelines for interpretation of serial UPC values in female dogs with XLHN may also be helpful for interpretation of UPC values in dogs with other glomerulopathies.

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Evaluation of the effects of inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with enalapril in dogs with induced chronic renal insufficiency

Cited by 70 publications

References 39 publications

Development of Hypertension and Effects of Benazepril Hydrochloride in a Canine Remnant Kidney Model of Chronic Renal Failure

Development of Hypertension and Effects of Benazepril Hydrochloride in a Canine Remnant Kidney Model of Chronic Renal Failure

Effect of common storage temperatures and container types on urine protein : creatinine ratios in urine samples of proteinuric dogs

Day‐to‐Day Variation of the Urine Protein: Creatinine Ratio in Female Dogs with Stable Glomerular Proteinuria Caused by X‐Linked Hereditary Nephropathy

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