Evaluation of the Effect of Andrographolide on Atherosclerotic Rabbits Induced byPorphyromonas gingivalis

Abstract

Epidemiologic evidence has demonstrated significant associations between atherosclerosis and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). We had investigated the effect of andrographolide (AND) on atherosclerosis induced by Pg in rabbits. For experimental purpose, we separated thirty male white New Zealand rabbits into 5 groups. Group 1 received standard food pellets; Groups 2–5 were orally challenged with Pg; Group 3 received atorvastatin (AV, 5 mg/kg), and Groups 4-5 received 10 and 20 mg/kg of AND, respectively, over 12 weeks. Groups treated with AND showed significant decrease in TC, TG, and LDL levels (P < 0.05) and significant increase in HDL level in the serum of rabbits. Furthermore, the treated groups (G3–G5) exhibited reductions in interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as compared to atherogenicgroup (G2). The histological results showed that the thickening of atherosclerotic plaques were less significant in treated groups (G3–G5) compared with atherogenicgroup (G2). Also, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining decreased within the plaques of atherogenicgroup (G2), while it was increased in treated groups (G3–G5). Lastly, groups treated with AV and AND (G3–G5) showed significant reduction of CD36 expression (P < 0.05) compared to atherogenicgroup (G2). These results substantially proved that AND contain antiatherogenic activity.

Andrographolide, a New Hope in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome

“…Furthermore, it augmented the SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, while decreasing in MDA levels in serum. AGL also decreased the level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in experimental animals ( Al Batran et al, 2014b ).…”

Clot Lysis Capacity of Andrographis paniculata and its Pure Compound Andrographolide

“…26 In the study, AGL was seen to reduce significantly CD36 expression in atherogenic rabbits. 27 In physiological and pathological states, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including partially reduced forms of molecular oxygen, such as hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide anion (O2−•), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), lipid peroxides and hypochlorous acid (HClO), are essential. An accumulation of ROS may produce reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including highly reactive peroxynitrite anion and nitric oxide (NO).…”

“…40 AGL is evident to reduce CRP in rabbits. 27 Moreover, the transcription factor NF-κB has also multiple links to thrombotic processes. 41 Both A. paniculata and AGL have been reported to reduce the expression of NF-κB in experimental animals and their derived cells and tissues.…”

Comparative effects of quercetin and hydroalcoholic extract ofOtostegia persicaboiss with atorvastatin on atherosclerosis complication in male wistar rats

“…Statistical calculations were carried out by the ANOVA, and post hoc tests using SPSS 18 ( p < .05). All values were reported as mean ± SEM (standard error of mean) (Al Batran et al, ). Data of negative and positive control group factors had no significant difference in the present study.…”

“…T-lymphocytes emergence at early stages of atherosclerotic lesions as a defective cycle exacerbated inflammatory reactions. Macrophage cells and smooth muscle cells, which creep with oxidized lipoproteins, and their cytoplasms are filled with droplets containing cholesterol esters and thus creates the appearance of foaming cells (Al Batran, Al-Bayaty, Al-Obaidi, Hussain, & Mulok, 2014). Several factors, including platelets and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin, thromboxane, thrombospondin, and fibrinogen, are activating or restricting in the creation of plaques in the vessel (Sangkuhl, Shuldiner, Klein, & Altman, 2011).…”