Evaluation of the effect of salmon nasal proteoglycan on biomarkers for cartilage metabolism in individuals with knee joint discomfort: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study

Abstract

A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the chondroprotective action of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan on joint health. The effect of oral administration of proteoglycan (10 mg/day) on cartilage metabolism was evaluated in individuals with knee joint discomfort but without diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. The average age of patients was 52.6±1.1 years old. The effect of proteoglycan was evaluated by analyzing markers for type II collagen degradation (C1,2C) and synthesis (PIICP), and the ratio of type II collagen degradation to synthesis. The results indicated that the change in C1,2C levels significantly differed in the proteoglycan group compared with the placebo group following 16 weeks intervention among subjects with high levels of knee pain and physical dysfunction (total score of Japan Knee Osteoarthritis Measure ≥41) and subjects with constant knee pain (both P<0.05). There was a greater increase in PIICP levels in the proteoglycan group than the placebo group following intervention, although this difference was not significant in both sets of patients. Thus, the C1,2C/PIICP ratios decreased in the proteoglycan group, whereas they slightly increased in the placebo group following the intervention. Furthermore, no test supplement-related adverse events were observed during the intervention. Therefore, oral administration of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan at a dose of 10 mg/day may exert a chondroprotective action in subjects with knee joint discomfort. This effect was achieved by improving cartilage metabolism (reducing type II collagen degradation and enhancing type II collagen synthesis), without causing apparent adverse effects.

Changes in knee adduction moment wearing a variable‐stiffness shoe correlate with changes in pain and mechanically stimulated cartilage oligomeric matrix levels

“…Of note, changes to baseline resting values of COMP were not associated with loading changes over time, suggesting that the mechanical stimulus‐response model, 37 wherein the moderate 30‐minute walk was used to elicit a response in COMP, may enhance the utility of COMP as a biological treatment indicator. Baseline resting values of COMP in this study were similar to those reported in the literature in knee OA utilizing the same ELISA Kit 38,39 . Further this study indicated the KAM during gait is a potential important metric for stimulating the COMP response.…”

“…Baseline resting values of COMP in this study were similar to those reported in the literature in knee OA utilizing the same ELISA Kit. 38,39 Further this study indicated the KAM during gait is a potential important metric for stimulating the COMP response. Taken together with the finding that the first peak of the KAM 18,19 and the KAM impulse 30 have been related to OA disease progression, the association found in this study provides a possible mechanistic explanation for the benefit of load reduction.…”

Bioactives from Agri-Food Wastes: Present Insights and Future Challenges

“…For example, several bioactive compounds can be isolated from processing waste of shrimps, one of the most widely consumed seafoods, including chito-oligosaccharides from chitin, astaxanthin a red carotenoid with high antioxidant capacity, and Ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [164][165][166]. Salmon nasal cartilage is a valuable source of bioactive proteoglycans reported for anti-angiogenic activity, relieving joint pain discomfort in elderly people and promoting wound healing [167][168][169]177]. Fish skin is also an important source of collagen that can be hydrolysed to bioactive peptides with multiple health benefits with antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic activities, as well as enhancing learning and memory [170][171][172].…”

Integral Roles of Specific Proteoglycans in Hair Growth and Hair Loss: Mechanisms behind the Bioactivity of Proteoglycan Replacement Therapy with Nourkrin® with Marilex® in Pattern Hair Loss and Telogen Effluvium

“…In practice, this unique approach has been explored in specific clinical areas such as rheumatology and skin aging. In a clinical trial on males and females with severe knee pain, oral salmon nasal proteoglycans have been proved to be effective in decreasing collagen degradation and promoting collagen synthesis [95]. As a therapy for skin aging, a marine-based proteoglycan complex significantly improved skin viscoelasticity and reduced the number of wrinkles and skin looseness in both men and women [96].…”

“…Further exploration revealed that close to half of the proteoglycan absorption in the jejunum and the ileum is via clathrin-mediated endocytosis [116]. Furthermore, since bioactivity depends on sufficient bioavailability and bioaccessibility, positive outcomes produced by oral PRT with Nourkrin ® in clinical trials in a variety of health conditions [95,[99][100][101]117] may be taken as indirect evidence for oral bioavailability of specific proteoglycans. However, making reliable conclusions would require direct in vivo pharmacokinetic studies.…”