Evaluation of the effect of different factors on the ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds of the pea pod

Abstract

The pea pod is a by-product that possesses several bioactive compounds. The effect of temperature, time, solid-liquid ratio and ethanol concentration on the ultrasonic assisted extraction of phenolic compounds were studied. A 2K factorial design was used and through ANOVA analysis the effect of each process variable was determined. Total phenols were analyzed by the Folin Ciocalteu method. The results showed that the temperature did not affect significantly the extraction of total phenols, however extraction time, ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio affected the extraction yield. The maximum concentration of the total phenols for each of the factors was recorded at 20 minutes, a 50% ethanol concentration and a liquid solid ratio of 1:40. These results provide useful information to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of the phenolic compounds of the pea pod according to the factors studied.

Effect of eggshell/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) mixing ratios on the sonochemical production of CaCO3 nanoparticles

“…Studies have shown that solid particles tend to aggregate quickly in their suspensions when the solids mass increases [10]. Consequently, increasing CaCO 3 particles aggregation with increasing eggshell mass caused the eggshell particles to settle quickly, impeding sonochemical process efficiency at higher eggshell concentrations [40,43]. Moreover, the 1 transfer principle states that the increasing concentration gradient between the substance and the solvent is the driving factor for mass transfer [40].…”

“…Consequently, increasing CaCO 3 particles aggregation with increasing eggshell mass caused the eggshell particles to settle quickly, impeding sonochemical process efficiency at higher eggshell concentrations [40,43]. Moreover, the 1 transfer principle states that the increasing concentration gradient between the substance and the solvent is the driving factor for mass transfer [40]. Hence, increasing the eggshell mass causes rapid saturation of the DMF solvent, which reduces the efficiency of solids dispersion and accordingly decreases the sonochemical process efficiency [40,43].…”

“…Moreover, the 1 transfer principle states that the increasing concentration gradient between the substance and the solvent is the driving factor for mass transfer [40]. Hence, increasing the eggshell mass causes rapid saturation of the DMF solvent, which reduces the efficiency of solids dispersion and accordingly decreases the sonochemical process efficiency [40,43]. Contrarily, larger volume of solvent enhances the solvent extraction capability, preventing early saturation and enabling a higher production of nano-CaCO 3 [40].…”

“…Hence, increasing the eggshell mass causes rapid saturation of the DMF solvent, which reduces the efficiency of solids dispersion and accordingly decreases the sonochemical process efficiency [40,43]. Contrarily, larger volume of solvent enhances the solvent extraction capability, preventing early saturation and enabling a higher production of nano-CaCO 3 [40]. The crystallite sizes of ES-1 and ES-2 (18.07 and 23.08 respectively) are close to the crystalline size of nano-CaCO3 particles that were synthesized through the precipitation of dissolved Ca(NO 3 )2•4H 2 O [44].…”

“…This can specify the maximum eggshell/DMF ratio required to produce high yield eggshell nanoparticles via the sonochemical process. Moreover, studies have shown that the efficiency of sonochemical processes is critically dependent on the solid/solvent ratio [40].…”