Evaluation of the Effect of Ammonia on Nicotine Pharmacokinetics Using Rapid Arterial Sampling

McKinney, Diana L.; Gogova, Maria; Davies, Bruce; Ramakrishnan, Viswanathan; Fisher, Kelly; Carter, W. Hans; Karnes, H. Thomas; Garnett, William R.; Iyer, Sunil S.; Somani, Amit A.; Kobal, Gerd; Barr, William H.

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr257

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Different ammonia yields in cigarettes did not increase the rate or amount of nicotine absorption from the lungs to the arterial blood circulation. 81 , 82 From these studies it is not excluded that other ingredients than ammonium salts influence nicotine adsorption in a similar way.…”

Section: Additives and Tobacco Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products: Table 1.

Nobelen

Kienhuis

Talhout

2016

NICTOB

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Background:Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco contain the addictive drug nicotine. Other components, either naturally occurring in tobacco or additives that are intentionally added during the manufacturing process, may add to the addictiveness of tobacco products. As such, these components can make cigarette smokers more easily and heavily dependent.Efforts to regulate tobacco product dependence are emerging globally. Additives that increase tobacco dependence will be prohibited under the new European Tobacco Product Directive.Objective:This article provides guidelines and recommendations for developing a regulatory strategy for assessment of increase in tobacco dependence due to additives. Relevant scientific literature is summarized and criteria and experimental studies that can define increased dependence of tobacco products are described.Conclusions:Natural tobacco smoke is a very complex matrix of components, therefore analysis of the contribution of an additive or a combination of additives to the level of dependence on this product is challenging. We propose to combine different type of studies analyzing overall tobacco product dependence potential and the functioning of additives in relation to nicotine. By using a combination of techniques, changes associated with nicotine dependence such as behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical alterations can be examined to provide sufficient information.Research needs and knowledge gaps will be discussed and recommendations will be made to translate current knowledge into legislation. As such, this article aids in implementation of the Tobacco Product Directive, as well as help enable regulators and researchers worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products.Implications:This article provides an overall view on how to assess tobacco product constituents for their potential contribution to use and dependence. It provides guidelines that help enable regulators worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products and guide researches to set research priorities on this topic.

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Section: Additives and Tobacco Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products: Table 1.

Nobelen

Kienhuis

Talhout

2016

NICTOB

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“…Hence, brain concentrations need to be measured by sacrificing the animals and extracting the drug present in brain tissue. Analysis of such extracts demand development and validation of complex methods with low limits of quantification [11][12][13] . For every such drug, a new method of extraction and analysis would be needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivobrain microdialysis as a formulation-screening tool for a poorly soluble centrally acting drug

Bommana

Kirthivasan

Shikhar

et al. 2013

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy

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“…Important gaps in our knowledge remain, such as the impact of sugar levels in tobacco, and the role of noncombustible tobacco products, as well as in e-cigarettes. 3 Even the impact of widely studied additives, such as menthol 4 and ammonia, 5 remains poorly understood. Developing this understand will be critical if research is to guide the development of evidence-based policy to regulate and restrict additives in these products and reduce their addictiveness and attractiveness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Role of Additives in Tobacco Products

Munafò

2016

NICTOB

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Evaluation of the Effect of Ammonia on Nicotine Pharmacokinetics Using Rapid Arterial Sampling

Abstract: This study provides strong evidence that the different ammonia yields of the test cigarettes had no impact on nicotine pharmacokinetics; thus, the ammonia did not increase the rate or amount of nicotine absorption from a puff of cigarette smoke.

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products: Table 1.

An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products: Table 1.

In vivobrain microdialysis as a formulation-screening tool for a poorly soluble centrally acting drug

Understanding the Role of Additives in Tobacco Products

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