Evaluation of the Dye Extraction Using Designed Hydrogels for Further Applications towards Water Treatment

Abstract

In this work, novel chitosan–silica hydrogels were synthesized and investigated by various complementary techniques. The hydrogels were obtained via the immobilization of chitosan (Ch) on the surface of mesoporous cellular foams (MCFs). The latter silica materials were obtained by a sol–gel process, varying the composition of the reaction mixture (copolymer Pluronic 9400 or Pluronic 10500) and the ageing temperature conditions (80 °C or 100 °C). The role of the silica phase in the hydrogels was the formation of a scaffold for the biopolymeric chitosan component and providing chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability. In turn, the chitosan phase enabled the binding of anionic pollutions from aqueous solutions based on electrostatic interaction mechanisms and hydrogen bonds. To provide information on structural, morphological, and surface properties of the chitosan–silica hydrogels, analyses such as the low-temperature adsorption/desorption of nitrogen, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed. Moreover, the verification of the utility of the chitosan–silica hydrogels as adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment was carried out based on kinetic and equilibrium studies of the Acid Red 88 (AR88) adsorption. Adsorption data were analyzed by applying various equations and discussed in terms of the adsorption on heterogeneous solid-surfaces theory. The adsorption mechanism for the AR88 dye–chitosan–silica hydrogel systems was proposed.