Evaluation of the current contamination status of PFASs and OPFRs in South Korean tap water associated with its origin

Park, Heejeong; Choo, Gyojin; Kim, Hyerin; Oh, Jeong‐Eun

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.068

Cited by 68 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…These concentrations are about 186 -60 times lower than those reported for TCEP and TnBP in tap water in Korea (Park et al, 2018). Similarly, Ma et al (2019) reported concentrations of ∑12OPEs ranging from 0.67 to 7.8 ng/mL with a mean value of 3.6±1.4 ng/mL (Table S9).…”

Section: Infant Exposure To Opes Via Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…To date, several studies have reported concentrations of OPEs in source and finished water from municipal water plant (MWP), terminal tap water from water utilities, surface water from river (Liu et al, 2019;Benotti et al, 2009;Rodil et al, 2012), bottled, household tap and filtered water produced from tap water by public purifying machine/household filtering apparatus (Li et al, 2014;Ding et al, 2015;Lee et al, 2016;Kim and Kannan, 2018;Park et al, 2018). Reported concentrations of individual OPEs are shown in Table S7.…”

Section: Human Exposure To Opes Via Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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A critical review of human exposure to organophosphate esters with a focus on dietary intake

Gbadamosi

Abdallah

Harrad

2021

Science of The Total Environment

109

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Section: Infant Exposure To Opes Via Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Human Exposure To Opes Via Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of human exposure to organophosphate esters with a focus on dietary intake

Gbadamosi

Abdallah

Harrad

2021

Science of The Total Environment

109

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“…This indicates that crops might be a more important exposure pathway than has previously been considered, although both of the EDIs of PFOA and PFOS from crops alone did not exceed the RfD. However, when combined with other sources from recent reports (1.052 ng kgbw -1 day -1 for PFOA, 1.190 ng kgbw -1 day -1 for PFOS), such as tap water, beverages, dairy, fish and shellfish, and meat and its products (Heo et al 2014;Park et al 2018), the Korean EDIs for PFOA and PFOS exceeded the RfDs. The detailed EDIs values are presented in Table S6 in the supporting information.…”

Section: Dietary Exposure Assessment Of Pfos and Pfoa From Nakdong Regionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Environmental and dietary exposure of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in the Nakdong River, Korea

Choi¹,

Lee

Bruce-Vanderpuije

et al. 2020

Environ Geochem Health

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This study performed the first environmental and dietary exposure assessment to explore plant uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) from agricultural soil and irrigation water in the Nakdong River delta, South Korea. Annual average concentrations of total PFOA and PFOS ranged from 0.026 to 0.112 µg L -1 (irrigation water), and from 0.818 to 1.364 µg kg -1 (soil), respectively. PFOA and PFOS hotspots were identified downstream of the Nakdong River, and were influenced by seasonal climatic variations. The observed average biennial concentration of the sum of PFOA and PFOS decreased in irrigation water, from 0.112 µg L -1 in 2013 to 0.026 µg L -1 in 2015, suggests that the 2013 Persistent Organic Pollutants Control Act may have helped to reduce levels of PFAS at this location. This study calculated some of the highest plant uptake factors reported to date, with values ranging from 0.962 in green onions to < 0.004 in plums. Leafy vegetables and rice are important components of the Korean diet; these groups had the largest contribution to the estimated dietary intake of PFOA and PFOS, which was calculated at 0.449 and 0.140 ng kgbw -1 day -1 , respectively. This corresponded to 66.4% for PFOA and 7.9% for PFOS of the EFSA reference dose (RfD). The dietary intake of PFOA and PFOS from crops alone did not exceed the RfD. However, when the estimated daily intake (EDI) from other sources such as tap water, meat, fish, dairy and beverages were included in the exposure risk assessment, both of the EDIs to PFOA and PFOS exceeded the RfDs, indicating there may be a risk to human health. This study concludes that consumption of crops might, therefore, be a significant and underappreciated pathway for human exposure to PFAS.

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“…In addition, a strong increase in short chain PFASs was observed by comparing the samples taken before 2010 [20,32] with those taken after 2010 [38,41], indicating that short chain PFASs in Chinese drinking water need more attention and source tracking, followed by efficient control and reduction [50,51]. Furthermore, in recent years, some newly identified PFASs were detected in Chinese drinking water, such as FHxSA, PFEtS, F-53B and HFPO-TA [52,53].…”

Section: Temporal Trendmentioning

confidence: 98%

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution

Liu

Huang

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Eur

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Background In recent years, the widespread presence of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment and the related exposures and adverse health effects has received increasing attention. However, PFASs are not routinely monitored in drinking water in many parts of the world, including China. PFAS data are mainly generated by research studies. This paper provides an overview of the available research studies on PFASs in Chinese drinking water to better understand the current status of PFAS contamination and the potential for exposure. Results The available studies provided PFAS data from 526 drinking water samples across 66 cities in China with a total of approximately 452 million inhabitants. We mapped the risk distribution associated with PFAS-contaminated drinking water in China by comparing the measured levels with recent international guidelines. The PFAS concentrations reported in more than 20% of the studied cities, likely affecting 98.5 million people, were above the maximum contaminant level issued by Vermont in 2019. Furthermore, we also investigated the human exposure to PFASs in drinking water by estimating total daily intakes based on Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population. This study revealed that East China and the Southwest regions posed a relatively higher risk to the Chinese population and some cities in the Yangtze River basin such as Zigong, Jiujiang, Lianyungang and a considerable share of other cities have exceeded the health-based guidelines issued by EU and US agencies. Conclusion Drinking water in many cities and regions in China is contaminated with PFASs at levels of concern. PFAS elimination of PFASs from drinking water in contaminated cities and affected regions in China is urgently needed. PFAS releases from industries and other sources need better control and reduction. Further monitoring in remote Chinese regions is needed to overcome the knowledge gaps for a more comprehensive understanding of population exposure. The current risk assessment of PFASs in China should be re-evaluated considering the most recent toxicological studies, to clarify if the guidelines need to be lowered as recently done in Europe and the United States. This is necessary to have the best national base for risk assessment and a science-based driver for countermeasures.

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Evaluation of the current contamination status of PFASs and OPFRs in South Korean tap water associated with its origin

Cited by 68 publications

References 40 publications

A critical review of human exposure to organophosphate esters with a focus on dietary intake

A critical review of human exposure to organophosphate esters with a focus on dietary intake

Environmental and dietary exposure of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in the Nakdong River, Korea

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution

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