Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of blueberry ethanol extracts under microwave extraction

Abstract

Blueberry extract contains diversiform monomers of anthocyanins, whose antioxidant activity determines the functionality of anthocyanidins and the efficacy of extraction technology. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of anthocyanidins of blueberry ethanol extracts (BEE) was investigated by considering the monomers' identification and thermal degradation in microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Thirteen monomers of anthocyanins were identified from the extracts of blueberry under MAE, where the highest content was for cyanidin glycosides, and the lowest content was for the malvidin glycosides. The onset temperatures of degradation for anthocyanidins monomers in BEE were 41.07°C-48.50°C, and the glycoside contents of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, peonidin, and malvidin, in turn, decreased obviously. The degradation of anthocyanidins with extraction temperature improved, other than weakened, its antioxidant activities in BEE under MAE. The research results may provide valuable guidance for the antioxidant application of extracts from blueberries.

Synthetic Nasonov gland pheromone enhances abundance and visitation of honeybee, Apis mellifera, in Korla fragrant pear, Pyrus sinkiangensis

“…For instance, Schmidt (2001) showed that beehives marked with synthetic Nasonov pheromone were more attractive to honeybees and Mayer, Britt et al, 1989, Mayer, Johansen et al (1989) found that NGP increased honeybee visitation and fruit set in apple, cherry and pear in the USA. In China, the application of NGP lures increased the honeybee visitation frequency and fruit set in blueberry (Liu et al, 2016) and sweet cheery (Wang et al, 2021). However, in orchards without beehives pear flower visitation rates were low, despite the 27.6‐fold higher flower visitation rates in trees with NGP lures than without NGP lures (1.38 ± 0.96 vs. 0.05 ± 0.05 visits per 40 min).…”

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“…Blueberry extract, rich in anthocyanins and antioxidants, has demonstrated potential neuroprotective and IOP-lowering properties in pre-clinical studies. [15][16][17] In this research, we explore the development and evaluation of an in situ gel formulation containing blueberry extract as a novel approach for glaucoma management.…”