Evaluation of the 2010 Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive System

Burress, Timothy A.; Campbell, Steven; Coomer, Chester; Ayers, C.W.; Wereszczak, Andrew A.; Cunningham, J.P.; Marlino, Laura D.; Seiber, Larry E.; Lin, Hua‐Tay

doi:10.2172/1007833

Cited by 321 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the size of the housing varies with several factors, e.g., the design of the cooling system, adaptions for vehicle assembly, and integration with other powertrain parts. As an example, data 2 from Burress et al (2011), Miller (2013a, and Shimizu et al (2013) report that the housing of the 2011 Nissan Leaf was 36% heavier than that of the 2008 Lexus LS 600 h, despite that both motors had the same outer volume, and the Leaf active parts occupied a larger volume inside the housing (Ozpineci 2014). Also, the definitions of Bmaximum torque^and Bmaximum power^are not standardized in the automotive industry.…”

Section: Challenges and Overall Modelling Approach Due To Inherent Dementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The principal design was established based on observations of existing electrical traction machine designs, from disassembly of existing machines and in published reports, e.g., benchmarking literature (Burress et al 2011;Burress and Campbell 2013;Miller 2013b;Ozpineci 2014) to be as generic as possible for a PMSM, as judged by the authors. The two reference machines have the same relative formation of the cross-section geometries but differ in diameter and length of the machine cores.…”

Section: Working Procedures Model Structure and Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geometrycan be solid or hollow, and varies largely with different designs, but generally, the diameter grows with increasing torque. Different machine shafts were compared, both for industrial machines (Baumüller 2014) and in automotive machines from Toyota, Nissan, and Volvo (Burress et al 2011;Sato et al 2011;Schwartz 2014), to establish a linear scaling from 20 to 50 mm of the average diameter with maximum torque, i.e., over 48-477 Nm. Next, the mechanical coupling to the mechanical drivetrain can have many different forms, e.g., flanges, splines, belts, or chains (Burress et al 2011;Tong 2014).…”

Section: Shaft and Bearingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part I: design and composition

Lundmark

Grunditz

Tillman

et al. 2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose A scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) model of a permanent magnet electrical machine, containing both design and production data, has been established. The purpose is to contribute with new and easy-to-use data for LCA of electric vehicles by providing a scalable mass estimation and manufacturing inventory for a typical electrical automotive traction machine. The aim of this article (part I of two publications) is to present the machine design, the model structure, and an evaluation of the models' mass estimations. Methods Data for design and production of electrical machines has been compiled from books, scientific papers, benchmarking literature, expert interviews, various specifications, factory records, and a factory site visit. For the design part, one small and one large reference machine were constructed in a software tool, which linked the machines' maximum ability to deliver torque to the mass of its electromagnetically active parts. Additional data for remaining parts was then gathered separately to make the design complete. The two datasets were combined into one model, which calculates the mass of all motor subparts from an input of maximum power and torque. The range of the model is 20-200 kW and 48-477 Nm. The validity of the model was evaluated through comparison with seven permanent magnet electrical traction machines from established brands. Results and discussion The LCI model was successfully implemented to calculate the mass content of 20 different materials in the motor. The models' mass estimations deviate up to 21% from the examples of real motors, which still falls within expectations for a good result, considering a noticeable variability in design, even for the same machine type and similar requirements. The model results form a rough and reasonable median in comparison to the pattern created by all data points. Also, the reference motors were assessed for performance, showing that the electromagnetic efficiency reaches 96-97%. Conclusions The LCI model relies on thorough design data collection and fundamental electromagnetic theory. The selected design has a high efficiency, and the motor is suitable for electric propulsion of vehicles. Furthermore, the LCI model generates representative mass estimations when compared with recently published data for electrical traction machines. Hence, for permanent magnet-type machines, the LCI model may be used as a generic component estimation for LCA of electric vehicles, when specific data is lacking.Keywords Electric . Electrical . Inventory . IPM . IPMSM . Life cycle assessment . Machine . Magnet . Mass . Material Preamble This series of two articles presents a new scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) data model of an electrical automotive traction machine, available to download from the CPM database of the Swedish Life Cycle Center. Part I describes how the LCI model was established and the type of results it provides, including the underlying permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) design and the structure of the LCI data m...

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Section: Challenges and Overall Modelling Approach Due To Inherent Dementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Working Procedures Model Structure and Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Shaft and Bearingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part I: design and composition

Lundmark

Grunditz

Tillman

et al. 2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The Toyota Prius drivetrain is an example of such a system. It connects a battery to an electric generator which is powered by an internal combustion engine [2,3,4,5].…”

Section: Linkage Of Multiple Energy Storage Systems and Energy Convermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) which operate permanent magnet motors could obtain higher efficiencies in the low RPM region when a DC-DC converter is added to the system between the battery and the inverter (Fig. 2) [2,3,4,5,22,23]. The DC-DC converter gives the designer freedom to vary the DC bus voltage and operate the overall system more efficiently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of an Adjustable Target Modulation Index for a Variable DC Voltage Control in an Electric Delivery Truck

Najmabadi

Humphries

Boulet

2016

WEVJ

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SummaryThis paper introduces an alternative control strategy for the variable voltage control of an electric drivetrain for a Class 4 medium-duty delivery truck and compares the resulting vehicle energy consumption over standardized drive cycles. The baseline system, S1, uses a standard electric drivetrain without a DC-DC and a battery at 460 V. The proposed system, S2, contains a DC-DC converter and a lower voltage battery with three voltage options being investigated: 200 V, 230 V, and 300 V. Previous work has shown that using a bi-directional DC-DC converter, the Fixed Target Modulation Index (FTMI) of the power electronics can be optimized in order to reduce the energy consumption across a drive cycle. In this study an Adjustable Target Modulation Index (ATMI) is proposed, which combines the best aspects of the fixed target modulation index control to attempt to improve efficiency even further. The new control strategy is shown to improve the energy consumption by up to 2.34% over a vehicle with a conventional electric drivetrain, depending on the required drive cycle.

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Planetary‐Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems

Chau

2015

Electric Vehicle Machines and Drives

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Evaluation of the 2010 Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive System

Cited by 321 publications

References 2 publications

A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part I: design and composition

A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part I: design and composition

Implementation of an Adjustable Target Modulation Index for a Variable DC Voltage Control in an Electric Delivery Truck

Planetary‐Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems

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