Evaluation of temporal variability and stationarity of potential evapotranspiration in Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract

Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) functions as an indicator to estimate the amount of water loss to atmosphere. Over the years, global climate change eventually led to the change of PET capacity and this had affected the agricultural sector and water resource management. The objective of this study was to determine the best PET estimation method as well as to carry out the trend analysis and stationarity test of PET in Peninsular Malaysia. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen's Slope estimator were applied for the trend analysis while the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) test were applied for the stationarity test. The findings showed that Pulau Langkawi and Kuantan stations exhibited increasing trend while Bayan Lepas station exhibited decreasing trend for the daily, monthly, and annual PET time series. The daily, monthly, and annual PET time series at Bayan Lepas, Ipoh, Subang and Muadzam Shah stations were found to be stationary. Overall, the PET trend was found to be higher at the coastal regions and stationary at the mountainous region.

Historical change and variability of spectral wind wave climate in the New York Bight

“…Furthermore, Mann–Kendal (Kendall, 1955; Mann, 1945) and Spearman's rank (Lehmann & D'Abrera, 1975; Sneyers, 1991) trend tests are performed on the seasonal mean and extreme wave family wave heights. The Mann–Kendall test is mainly used to identify the significance of a trend in a time series, where the null hypothesis of no trend was checked against the alternative of the existence of one (Theng Hue et al, 2022). Here the Spearman's rank test was performed for comparison.…”

Optimized Pan Evaporation by Potential Evapotranspiration for Water Inflow Estimation in Ungauged Inland Plain Lake, China

“…Compared with climate warming from 1850 to1900, the average global surface temperature has increased by around 0.87°C from 2006 to 2015 [10]. It was assumed that temperature rising enhanced of evapotranspiration capacity and amount [11][12][13]. ET is a fundamental component of the hydrological and energy cycle [14,15] that transferred 65% of precipitation back to the atmosphere [16].…”