Evaluation of Temporal Changes in Deep Well Water Quality in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State

Abstract

The research work was carried out in Igabi Local Government of Kaduna State. Thirty water samples from boreholes were randomly collected within the major towns in November to April (Dry), and May to October (Rainy season). The samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters and to observe any changes in the groundwater quality of the area. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson Correlation were performed on the data obtained using SPSS 10.0 for a window for significant variations and inter-element relationship. High mean turbidity was recorded in boreholes in Danfili (12.2 NTU), Kwarau (6.2 NTU). Mean turbidity of 4.3 NTU was recorded in Dry season for wells with Rigachikun having 5.1 NTU. It was observed that a negative correlation exists between well depth and heavy metal concentration. There was also a linear relationship of 0.686 between well distance and nitrate (faecal contaminant). Mean value for Fluoride (0.22 mg/l), Sodium (20.78 mg/l), Calcium (15.7 mg/l), Iron (0.013 mg/l), Nitrate (3.69 mg/l), Cadmium (0.00102 mg/l) Chloride (22.107 mg/l) recorded for sampled wells were all within WHO standard. A high value of 24 mg/l and 25 mg/l for Nitrate was recorded in Saminaka Road and Danfili. An indication of contamination during the rainy season indicates surface-groundwater intrusion (influx). The results of the bacteriological analysis indicated that most wells sampled have a range of 1 cfu/100 ml to 7 cfu/100 ml with Danfili Mani having the highest value (7 cfu/100 ml) which make it unsaved (not Potable).

Progress on Drinking Water Quality Monitoring in the Northern Part of Nigeria: A Catalyst to Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

“…This was attributed to the high level of contamination from different sources, as proved by the most deviated biological and radiological parameters against standards set by recognized local and international organizations. The concentration of heavy metals and microbiological loads in the water was significantly high and is a major roadblock to portable water for northerners (Ibrahim et al, 2020;Musa et al, 2020;Aliyu et al, 2020;Ogbozige et al, 2017;Haruna et al, 2016;Allamin et al, 2015;Ojo et al, 2014). Chemical and microbial contamination of the water was attributed to the high rate of population growth and several anthropogenic activities, as well as lack of access to enough water for sanitation and hygiene (Odey et al, 2022;Raji et al, 2020;Emurotu and Habib, 2019;Fardami et al, 2019;Sunday et al 2019;Omotayo et al, 2017;Zubairu et al, 2016).…”