Evaluation of temperature and properties at interface of AISI 1040 steels joined by friction welding

Abstract

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to evaluate temperature and properties at interface of AISI 1040 steels joined by friction welding. Design/methodology/approach -In this study, AISI 1040 medium carbon steel was used in the experiments. Firstly, optimum parameters of the friction welding were obtained by using a statistical analysis. Later, the microstructures of the heat-affected zone are presented along with micro hardness profiles for the joints. Then, the temperature distributions are experimentally obtained in the interface of the joints that is formed during the friction welding of 1040 steels with the same geometry. This study was carried out by using thermocouples at different locations of the joint-interface. The results obtained were compared with previous studies and some comments were made about them. Findings -It was discovered that temperature had a substantial effect on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material.Research limitations/implications -The maximum temperature in the joint during frictional heating depends not only on the pressure, but also on the temperature gradient which depends on the rotational speed in particular. It is important to note that the measurement process was successfully accomplished in this study although it was particularly difficult to obtain temperature due to the large deformations at the interface. Future work could be concentrated on the temperature measurement of the joined materials. Practical implications -Temperature is one of the most important of all physical quantities in industry. Its measurement plays a key part in industrial quality and process control, in the efficient use of energy and other resources, in condition monitoring and in health and safety. This paper contributes to the literature about temperature measurement in welded, brazed and soldered materials. Originality/value -The main value of this paper is to contribute and fulfill the influence of the interface temperature on properties in welding of various materials that is being studied so far in the literature.

Linear and rotary friction welding review

“…6, between 0.75 and 0.95 of T m (solidus)). 32 33 34 35 36 37–38 Experiments show that the material type has little effect on the normalised interface temperature with the exception of Ti alloys. It is possible that a lower thermal diffusivity together with a pronounced decrease in strength at elevated temperatures are affecting the relatively low interface temperatures recorded for Ti alloys.

6 Normalised interface temperature during FW (T m refers to solidus)

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“…9 b ) as experiments showed. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44,45 Another process parameter, the welding pressure at high enough values affects material expulsion rate from the interface. Bhamji et al 21 found that it is proportional to burn-off rate, and inversely proportional to the required friction time once a limit has been passed.

9 Relationship between average heat input and axial shortening for Ti64 a 43 and mild steel b 44 obtained by numerical modelling

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