Evaluation of Technological Configurations of Residential Energy Systems Considering Bidirectional Power Supply by Vehicles in Japan

Abstract

To reduce CO2 emissions in the residential and transportation sectors, distributed energy technologies, such as photovoltaic power generation (PV), stationary storage batteries (SBs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and vehicle-to-home (V2H) systems, are expected to be introduced. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the installed capacity of PV and SB, the type of vehicle, and their combination on the economic and environmental performance of the total energy consumption of residences and vehicles. Thus, this study developed a model to optimize the technological configuration of residential energy systems, including various vehicle types and driving patterns. The simulation results showed that it is more economically and environmentally efficient to install a BEV and a V2H system in households with longer parking times at the residence and to install an SB in addition to these technologies in households with shorter parking times at the residence. Furthermore, comparing a gasoline vehicle and an SB, the most economical combination, with a BEV and a V2H system and with a BEV, a V2H system, and an SB, estimated the carbon tax rate necessary for cost equivalence. The result indicated that the carbon tax rate needs to be increased from its current level.