“…Similar experiences have been reported for the detection of vertebral fractures on plain spinal radiography ( Murata et al, 2020 ), the diagnosis of tuberculosis ( Lakhani and Sundaram, 2017 ), and the estimation of bone age ( Dedouit et al, 2015 ). More generally, different DL methods have been applied to biomedical image analysis ( Ierardi et al, 2016 ; Trimboli et al, 2018 ; Villanueva-Meyer et al, 2019 ) and successfully used with various imaging modalities, such as breast ( Kallenberg et al, 2016 ; Zanotel et al, 2018 ; Geras et al, 2019 ; Hickman et al, 2021 ) and cardiac imaging ( van Assen et al, 2020 ), MSCT ( Lerouge et al, 2015 ; Kooi et al, 2017 ; Hu et al, 2020 ), MRI ( Havaei et al, 2017 ; Ariji et al, 2019 ; Figure 2 ), as well as in interventional radiology ( Gurgitano et al, 2021 ). AI can also be helpful to quantify lung involvement and predict prognosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia ( Belfiore et al, 2020 ; Akram et al, 2021 ; Cappabianca et al, 2021 ), and Harmon et al (2020) recently found that a series of DL algorithms trained in a diverse multinational cohort of 1280 patients can achieve up to 90.8% accuracy, with 84% sensitivity and 93% specificity in detecting COVID-19 pneumonia on chest CT examinations of 1337 patients.…”