Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions from explosive volcanism: the 1982–1983 eruptions of Galunggung, Java, Indonesia

Bluth, G. J.; Casadevall, Thomas J.; Schnetzler, C. C.; Doiron, Scott D.; Walter, L. S.; Krueger, Arlin J.; Badruddin, M.

doi:10.1016/0377-0273(94)90077-9

Cited by 40 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Thus a single (usually explosive) eruption may comprise many discrete events (e.g. the 1982-1983 eruption of Galunggung, Java; Bluth et al 1994), whereas effusive eruptions, which typically involve continuous activity for a period of days or weeks precluding separation of individual events, may be classified as a single event/eruption. We use this distinction to convey a sense of the number of individual volcanic clouds detected by TOMS, particularly for prolonged eruptions that may actually involve multiple significant SO2 and/or ash emissions.…”

Section: Description Of the Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1;. Data collected by N7 TOMS allowed the first quantitative assessments of the contribution to the atmospheric sulphur budget from individual volcanic eruptions (Krueger et al 1990;Bluth et al , 1994Bluth et al , 1995Schnetzler et al 1994;Constantine et al 2000) and from long-term explosive volcanism (Bluth et al 1993Pyle et al 1996). Meteor-3 (M3) TOMS flew in tandem with N7 until the latter failed in 1993.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions

et al. 2003

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Since their first deployment in November 1978, the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments have provided a robust and near-continuous record of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ash emissions from active volcanoes worldwide. Data from the four TOMS satellites that have flown to date have been analysed with the latest SO2/ash algorithms and incorporated into a TOMS volcanic emissions database that presently covers 22 years of SO2 and ash emissions. The 1978-2001 record comprises 102 eruptions from 61 volcanoes, resulting in 784 days of volcanic cloud observations. Regular eruptions of Nyamuragira (DR Congo) since 1978, accompanied by copious SO2 production, have contributed material on approximately 30% of the days on which clouds were observed. The latest SO2 retrieval results from Earth Probe (EP) TOMS document a period (1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001) lacking large explosive eruptions, and also dominated by SO2 emission from four eruptions of Nyamuragira. EP TOMS has detected the SO2 and ash produced during 23 eruptions from 15 volcanoes to date, with volcanic clouds observed on 158 days. The EP TOMS instrument began to degrade in 2001, but has now stabilized, although its planned successor (QuikTOMS) recently failed to achieve orbit. New SO2 algorithms are currently being developed for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, which will continue the TOMS record of UV remote sensing of volcanic emissions from 2004 onwards.Volcanic eruptions vary greatly in style, duration and vigour, but all sub-aerial eruptions involve the emplacement of material, typically including water vapour and other gases, silicate ash, and aerosols, into the atmosphere above the eruption vent. The detection, analysis and tracking of the ensuing volcanic clouds and plumes is crucial for effective mitigation of volcanic hazards such as airborne ash (e.g. Casadevall 1994), understanding of magmatic degassing processes (e.g. Scaillet et al. 1998;Wallace 2001) and quantify-

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Section: Description Of the Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions

et al. 2003

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“…[12] TOMS SO 2 results have also been validated by ground measurement of SO 2 using a Brewer Spectrophotometer (Mount Spurr plume passing over Toronto on 19 September 1992) and a correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) (Galunggung cloud in Indonesia from 19 August to 19 September 1982) [Bluth et al, 1994]. The differences between Matrix Inversion algorithm and ground measurements were estimated to be less than 20-30% [Krueger et al, , 2000.…”

Section: Tomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐evaluation of SO₂ release of the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption using ultraviolet and infrared satellite sensors

Guo¹,

Bluth

Rose

et al. 2004

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

207

220

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In this study, ultraviolet TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) satellite data for SO2 are re‐evaluated for the first 15 days following the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption to reflect new data retrieval and reduction methods. Infrared satellite SO2 data from the TOVS/HIRS/2 (TIROS (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) Optical Vertical Sounder/High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/2) sensor, whose data sets have a higher temporal resolution, are also analyzed for the first time for Pinatubo. Extrapolation of SO2 masses calculated from TOMS and TOVS satellite measurements 19–118 hours after the eruption suggest initial SO2 releases of 15 ± 3 Mt for TOMS and 19 ± 4 Mt for TOVS, including SO2 sequestered by ice in the early Pinatubo cloud. TOVS estimates are higher in part because of the effects of early formed sulfate. The TOMS SO2 method is not sensitive to sulfate, but can be corrected for the existence of this additional emitted sulfur. The mass of early formed sulfate in the Pinatubo cloud can be estimated with infrared remote sensing at about 4 Mt, equivalent to 3 Mt SO2. Thus the total S release by Pinatubo, calculated as SO2, is 18 ± 4 Mt based on TOMS and 19 ± 4 Mt based on TOVS. The SO2 removal from the volcanic cloud during 19–374 hours of atmospheric residence describes overall e‐folding times of 25 ± 5 days for TOMS and 23 ± 5 days for TOVS. These removal rates are faster in the first 118 hours after eruption when ice and ash catalyze the reaction, and then slow after heavy ash and ice fallout. SO2 mass increases in the volcanic cloud are observed by both TOMS and TOVS during the first 70 hours after eruption, most probably caused by the gas‐phase SO2 release from sublimating stratospheric ice‐ash‐gas mixtures. This result suggests that ice‐sequestered SO2 exists in all tropical volcanic clouds, and at least partially explains SO2 mass increases observed in other volcanic clouds in the first day or two after eruption.

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“…Indirect optical techniques such as correlation spectrometry (COSPEC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential absorption lidar, differential optical absorption spectroscopy, as well as space-borne instrumentation (such as the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer), have been widely used to estimate SO 2 (Symonds et al 1994, and references therein;Edner et al 1994;Bluth et al 1994;Andres and Rose 1995) and HCl (Francis et al 1995) fluxes from volcanoes. At several volcanoes COSPEC techniques or direct plume collection have been used to determine fluxes of SO 2 , HCl (Stoiber et al 1986) or CO 2 (Allard et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas and particle emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: characterization and health hazard assessment

Allen¹,

Baxter

Ottley

2000

Bulletin of Volcanology

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The Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, erupting since 18 July 1995, intensified its degassing in early 1996 with the continuing growth of the lava dome inside the summit crater. During this period of increased activity, between 11 and 18 March 1996, we measured gases and particles within the visible plume to determine whether at that time it posed a health risk to the population of Plymouth, the capital town, which is 5 km southwest (downwind) and was then still occupied. Gravimetric measurements were made of total suspended particles (TSP) and particles having an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 mm (PM 10 ). Measurements were made of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), formic acid (HCOOH), and particulate sulphate (SO 4 2-), chloride (Cl -), nitrate (NO 3 -), fluoride (F -), methanesulphonate (CH 3 SO 3 -), acetate (CH 3 COO -), formate (HCOO -), ammonium (NH 4 c ), sodium (Na c ) and acidity (H c ). Trace metals having human health implications [chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb)] were also determined. Mean concentrations of HCl, SO 2 and HF obtained in the town of Plymouth were 14.0, 5.9 and 0.8 ppbv, respectively. Corresponding concentrations in the mixed plume on the crater edge were 533, 168 and 22 ppbv. There were no direct emissions of HNO 3 , although nitrate was detected in coarse particles at the source. Higher concentrations of CH 3 COOH and HCOOH were measured close to the crater. Mean TSP and PM 10 were 64 and 15 mg m -3 in Plymouth, and 455 and 47 mg m -3 on the upper volcano slope. Aerosols were highly acidic at the source but rapidly neutralised during transport. Trace metals were enriched in the aerosol relative to crater surface material. The concentrations of the acid gases, sulphur dioxide in particular, and particles were found to be too small to pose a health hazard at the time of these measurements, when relatively modest volcanic activity was occurring.

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Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions from explosive volcanism: the 1982–1983 eruptions of Galunggung, Java, Indonesia

Cited by 40 publications

References 9 publications

Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions

Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions

Re‐evaluation of SO₂ release of the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption using ultraviolet and infrared satellite sensors

Gas and particle emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: characterization and health hazard assessment

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Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions from explosive volcanism: the 1982–1983 eruptions of Galunggung, Java, Indonesia

Cited by 40 publications

References 9 publications

Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions

Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions

Re‐evaluation of SO2 release of the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption using ultraviolet and infrared satellite sensors

Gas and particle emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: characterization and health hazard assessment

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Re‐evaluation of SO₂ release of the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption using ultraviolet and infrared satellite sensors