Evaluation of Standards and Interfering Compounds in the Determination of Phenolics by Folin-Ciocalteu Assay Method for Effective Bioprocessing of Biomass

Abstract

Folin Ciocalteu (F-C) assay is the most widely used and convenient method to determine the total phenolics content in foods, herbs, and other plant extracts. Different phenolics standards such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechol, and vanillic acid have been used for calibration curves in this assay method. Comparison of these standards, in single or combination of two or more, for more accurate determination of phenolics has not been reported so far. This study tested five single phenolics and seven combinations of mixed phenolic standards to evaluate the optimal standards for F-C method. The different standards were tested to calculate the phenolic content in three known test solutions. We also evaluated interference effect of various compounds in phenolics estimation by F-C method that is usually present in the lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugar solution, and in food products along with phenolics. Finally, the optimal standards with five phenolics were used for the determination of phenolics in alkali pretreated biomass extract. The results indicated that gallic acid was the best standard among the single phenolic compounds and five phenolic compounds solution was the best standard among the mixed phenolic solutions. The presence of glucose, HMF, furfural, and vitamin-B12 did not interfere in phenolic determination; whereas ascorbic acid, tyrosine, formic acid, and acetic acid strongly interfered the results. The results also showed that biomass pelleting process did not affect the generation of phenolics in alkali pretreatment extract.

In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic profiles of tropical fruit by‐products

“…Soluble and bound phenolic contents in other samples were low, ranging from 0.1 to 2 g/100 g dm and from 0.3 to 3 g/100 g dm, respectively). These values should be interpreted with care, as it is well known that some compounds can interfere with this Folin‐Ciocalteu method, such as ascorbic acid and some organic acids (Bastola et al ., ).…”

Antioxidants in Date Fruits and the Extent of the Variability of the Total Phenolic Content: Review and Analysis

“…It is not specific for TP determination and is prone to interfering compounds presented in the sample leading to biased estimation. Reducing sugars which are present in high concentration in dates and ascorbic acid, which is present in substantial level at some developmental stages, are examples of these interfering compounds [20]. Most of the published studies reporting TP in dates did not adequately address this issue.…”

Improved qualitative properties of pear pekmez by natural zeolite treatment during production process

“…Ciocalteu reagent is not specific to phenolic compounds that some substances such as amino acids, simple sugars, some organic acids, and vitamins show reactivity toward the reagent(Everette et al, 2010). However, in another study it was shown that HMF did not interferein the determination of phenolic compounds(Bastola, Guragain, Bhadriraju, & Vadlani, 2017). Thus,…”