Evaluation of Spatial Variability in Ground Water Quality using Remote Sensing

Karnena, Manoj Kumar; Saritha, Vara

doi:10.35940/ijrte.b2626.078219

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Weights for these parameters were assigned using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) according to their relative importance in the groundwater quality status and the final index was computed by using the aforementioned formulae. Using the computed indices, the groundwater quality index was classified into five classes (excellent, good, medium, bad, and very bad) [86]. Leveraging ArcGIS, a detailed zoning map was crafted to delineate the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes.…”

Section: Ground Water Quality Assessment For Drinking Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

Masood,

Rashid,

Haider

et al. 2023

Water

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Groundwater is an important source of freshwater. At the same time, anthropogenic activities, in particular, industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and excessive application of fertilizers, are some of the major reasons for groundwater quality deterioration. Therefore, the present study is conducted to evaluate groundwater quality by using integrated water quality indices and a geospatial approach to identify the different water quality zones and propose management strategies for the improvement of groundwater quality. Groundwater quality was evaluated through the physicochemical parameters (pH, chloride (Cl−), fluoride(F−), iron (Fe−2), nitrate (NO3−1), nitrite (NO2), arsenic (As), total hardness, bicarbonate (HCO3−), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), color, taste, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS)) and microbiological parameters including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli of samples collected from the water and sanitation agency (WASA) and urban units. Irrigation parameters crucial to the assessment, including (electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonates (RSC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)), were also collected at more than 1100 sites within the study area of upper and central Punjab. After collecting the data of physicochemical parameters, the analysis of data was initiated to compute the water quality index for groundwater quality, a four-step protocol in which the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the weights of selected parameters by generating a pairwise matrix, on the relative importance of parameters using the Satty scale. The index was then classified into five classes for quality assessment of drinking water (excellent, good, medium, bad, and very bad) and four classes for irrigation water quality assessment (excellent, good, permissible, and unsuitable). After computing the index values for drinking as well as irrigation purposes, the values were interpolated, and various maps were developed to identify the status of groundwater quality in different zones of the study area. Mitigation strategies for water pollution involve source control, such as monitoring industrial discharge points and managing waste properly. Additionally, treating wastewater through primary, secondary, or tertiary stages significantly improves water quality, reducing contaminants like heavy metals, microbiological agents, and chemical ions, safeguarding water resources. The findings highlight significant regional variations in water quality issues, with heavy metal concerns concentrated notably in Lahore and widespread emerging microbiological contamination across all studied divisions. This suggests a systemic problem linked to untreated industrial effluents and poorly managed sewerage systems. The computed indices for the Lahore, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi divisions indicate water quality ranging from marginal to unfit, underscoring the urgency for remediation. Conversely, other divisions fall within a medium class, potentially suitable for drinking purposes. Notably, microbiological contamination at 27% poses a major challenge for water supply agencies, emphasizing the critical need for pre-disposal primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. These treatments could potentially rehabilitate 9%, 35%, and 41% of the study area, respectively, pointing toward tangible, scalable solutions critical for safeguarding broader water resources and public health. With the current pace of water quality deterioration, access to drinking water is a major problem for the public. The government should prioritize implementing strict monitoring mechanisms for industrial effluent discharge, emphasizing proper waste management to curb groundwater contamination. Establishing comprehensive pre-disposal treatments, especially primary, secondary, and tertiary stages, is imperative to address the prevalent heavy metal and microbiological issues, potentially rehabilitating up to 41% of affected areas. Additionally, creating proactive policies and allocating resources for sustainable groundwater management are crucial steps for ensuring broader water resource security and public health in the face of deteriorating water quality. Therefore, urgent regional action is needed to address escalating anthropogenic threats to groundwater, emphasizing the crucial need for proactive measures to safeguard public health and ensure sustainable water resources.

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Section: Ground Water Quality Assessment For Drinking Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

Masood,

Rashid,

Haider

et al. 2023

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Twenty-one (21) parameters were used to compute the WQI for drinking purposes using the AHP. The computed WQI was classified into five classes (excellent, good, medium, bad, and very bad), as shown in Table 4 [23]. The indices were evaluated for five divisions.…”

Section: Groundwater Quality Assessment For Drinking Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20], Sereflikochisar Basin of Turkey [21], Telangana State, South India [22], the Coastal Zones of Srikakulam, India, ref. [23], Iraqi city of Karbala [24], Iran's Lenjanat plain aquifer ( [25], Ranchi, Jharkhand, India [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Assessment and Geostatistical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality through Water Quality Indices

Naz,

Ahmad,

Aslam

et al. 2023

Water

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This study undertook an assessment of 24 physiochemical parameters at over 1094 sites to compute the water quality index (WQI) across the upper and central Punjab regions of Pakistan. Prior to the WQI calculation, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to assign specific weights to each water quality parameter. The categorization of WQI into distinct classes was achieved by constructing a pairwise matrix based on their relative importance utilizing Saaty’s scale. Additionally, the groundwater quality status for irrigation and drinking purposes across various zones in the study area was delineated through the integration of WQI and geostatistical methodologies. The findings revealed discernible heavy metal issues in the Lahore division, with emerging microbiological contamination across the entire study region, potentially attributed to untreated industrial effluent discharge and inadequately managed sewerage systems. The computed indices for the Lahore, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi divisions fell within the marginal to unfit categories, indicating water quality concerns. In contrast, the indices for other divisions were in the medium class, suggesting suitability for drinking purposes. Scenario analysis for developing mitigation strategies indicated that primary treatment before wastewater disposal could rehabilitate 9% of the study area, followed by secondary (35%) and tertiary (41%) treatments. Microbiological contamination (27%) emerged as the predominant challenge for water supply agencies. Given the current trajectory of water quality deterioration, access to potable water is poised to become a significant public concern. Consequently, government agencies are urged to implement appropriate measures to enhance overall groundwater quality for sustainable development.

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“…Firstly, due to the overutilization of recalcitrant inorganic fertilizers in the agroindustry. Secondly, they dumped the indus-trial wastewater directly into the environment and nearest body streams and improper pumping and management of the aquifers (Karnena and Saritha, 2019). In addition, solid waste disposal and single-use product disposal (Vara et al, 2019) in unengineered land is also considered a factor for groundwater contamination as the contaminates or leachate seeps from the soil to the groundwater aquifers (Girija et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater quality assessment by Water quality index (WQI) and Multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) for coastal zones of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh

Rao¹,

Kumari

Karnena

2022

JANS

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Groundwater is a vital resource for the drinking water supply to the people in the areas residing in the coastal zones. Rapid industrialization increased the human population, and anthropogenic activities led to groundwater pollution. The water quality should be continuously monitored to analyse the suitability of the water, and it is only possible by the water quality index. In the current study, we attempted to determine the groundwater quality of the Mandal headquarters of the coastal zones of the Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, by using the water quality index (WQi) considering the parameters pH, Electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, calcium and magnesium, potassium, and sodium, human health assessment tool, and multivariate statistical analysis. The results found that the WQi of the coastal zones ranged from 49.6 to 361.7, and in the post-monsoon season, the Etcherla Mandal station water was not advisable for drinking. Human health risk assessment showed that children in these sampling stations are more prone to the non-carcinogenic health risks associated with nitrate pollution. Proper reduction measures in the sampling areas must be taken to depreciate nitrate and seepage into the groundwater. Piper plots and correlation matrices showed the anion-cation interaction, and the principal component analyzed and showed the pollution sources. The current study concluded that anthropogenic activities continuously deteriorate groundwater quality, indirect saltwater intrusion was identified, and groundwater treatment is necessary before consumption.

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Evaluation of Spatial Variability in Ground Water Quality using Remote Sensing

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

RETRACTED: Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

RETRACTED: Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

Integrated Assessment and Geostatistical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality through Water Quality Indices

Groundwater quality assessment by Water quality index (WQI) and Multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) for coastal zones of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh

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