“…The 2018 monthly solar radiation data for Bario, Sarawak coordinated at 3°44.7' N, 115°27.0' E is analyzed based on mean global solar radiation and monthly clearness index [18]. The solar radiation reaches its highest value of 5.39 kWh/m2/day in June, and a yearly average of 5.11 kWh/m2 was recorded at the studied location [19]. The clearness index indicates the clearness of the atmosphere at the selected site and was generated by HOMER.…”
“…The average clearness index in this remote area was recorded as 0.47 annually. The highest clearness index value of 0.534 was recorded in June and the lowest of 0.472 was recorded in December [17], [19]. The solar radiation data was automatically generated by HOMER once the location was selected [18].…”
Photovoltaic hybrid power generation is an alternative solution for supplying electricity to rural areas, especially in Sarawak, Malaysia, where grid connection is almost impossible due to the cost and geographic location. Diesel generator systems are still used by local communities in these remote areas, and the implementation of photovoltaic diesel hybrid systems can reduce dependency on diesel generator units. The work presented in this paper explores the possibility of integrating solar energy resource with diesel generator to meet the load demand of rural communities in Sarawak. In further detail, the configuration and size of the PV-diesel system are analyzed in based on the lowest net present cost (NPC) and the cost of electricity (COE). The analysis is based on mathematical modeling and simulation using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software. Eight different configurations of two energy resources-photovoltaic panels and diesel generators-are studied and compared. The option with the highest optimization values is considered to be the most feasible electrification solution for the particular rural area. The outcomes of the analysis show that the PV-diesel hybrid configuration proves to be more cost-effective compared to an existing generator-based system in that it reduces fuel dependency and has the lowest NPC and COE among all configurations studied.
“…The 2018 monthly solar radiation data for Bario, Sarawak coordinated at 3°44.7' N, 115°27.0' E is analyzed based on mean global solar radiation and monthly clearness index [18]. The solar radiation reaches its highest value of 5.39 kWh/m2/day in June, and a yearly average of 5.11 kWh/m2 was recorded at the studied location [19]. The clearness index indicates the clearness of the atmosphere at the selected site and was generated by HOMER.…”
“…The average clearness index in this remote area was recorded as 0.47 annually. The highest clearness index value of 0.534 was recorded in June and the lowest of 0.472 was recorded in December [17], [19]. The solar radiation data was automatically generated by HOMER once the location was selected [18].…”
Photovoltaic hybrid power generation is an alternative solution for supplying electricity to rural areas, especially in Sarawak, Malaysia, where grid connection is almost impossible due to the cost and geographic location. Diesel generator systems are still used by local communities in these remote areas, and the implementation of photovoltaic diesel hybrid systems can reduce dependency on diesel generator units. The work presented in this paper explores the possibility of integrating solar energy resource with diesel generator to meet the load demand of rural communities in Sarawak. In further detail, the configuration and size of the PV-diesel system are analyzed in based on the lowest net present cost (NPC) and the cost of electricity (COE). The analysis is based on mathematical modeling and simulation using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software. Eight different configurations of two energy resources-photovoltaic panels and diesel generators-are studied and compared. The option with the highest optimization values is considered to be the most feasible electrification solution for the particular rural area. The outcomes of the analysis show that the PV-diesel hybrid configuration proves to be more cost-effective compared to an existing generator-based system in that it reduces fuel dependency and has the lowest NPC and COE among all configurations studied.
“…The total solar radiation potential will be key parameter for designing and predicting the performance of solar energy equipment and solar energy potential [5,6]. It has been verified that the higher altitude greater the total solar radiation under the clear and intermediate sky conditions.…”
<span>Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable sources that is currently being used worldwide to contribute for meeting rising demands. In this paper solar irradiance measurement will experimentally carried out in two different regions in Egypt; Cairo and Luxor cities. This paper proposes a simple solar lux measurement using a light dependent resistor (LDR) with an arduino kit. This technique is based on two approaches which are coarse and fine maximum sun lux determination. This is based on the predetermined 26<sup>0</sup> vertical slop of the LDR. Coarse tuning determines one of the reach sun lux quarter (90<sup>0</sup>) of horizontal quad. The fine tuning allocates the optimized 10<sup>0</sup> in which; the maximum sun lux can be obtained. The optimal values of sun lux were found between the (90<sup>o</sup>–180<sup>o</sup>) quarter. This study confirms that the narrow ten degrees (95<sup>o</sup>-105<sup>o</sup>) are the optimized static sun lux extraction for the two site field measurements. This novel technique can be used for locating the angle of best installations for the solar cell at which maximum solar energy can be extracted. </span>
“…Due to Malaysia's location in the equatorial zone, it receives an abundance of sunlight all year round. Malaysia receives an average global horizontal irradiation of 4.5 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚 2 /𝑑𝑎𝑦 [6]. Sarawak's geography is also characterized by having many rivers which have the potential of being used for hydroelectric power, such as micro hydropower turbines.…”
A hybrid renewable energy system is a feasible solution for off-grid electrification where grid electricity is not available due to economic or technical limitations. In this study, rural electrification is performed on a small longhouse settlement, Long Moh, in Sarawak, Malaysia, with a population of 308 from 70 households. Initially, a hybrid PV/Hydro/DG/Battery system is proposed due to the abundance of solar and hydro resources in the village. There have been a lot of studies based on PV/DG/Battery systems in Malaysia but less with the inclusion of hydropower. Through simulation and optimization process, the most optimal system in terms of Net Present Cost (NPC) is found to be a hybrid Hydro/DG/Battery system which provides a total NPC of $213,694.90, cost of electricity of $0.08/kWh, and operating cost of $9,495.56/year. The most environmentally friendly system is the proposed PV/Hydro/DG/Battery system due to less fuel consumption (12,863.63 L/year) and its high renewable penetration. The standalone diesel generator (DG) system was the least economic and most polluting system. The best system overall for rural electrification at the case study location is a hybrid Hydro/DG/battery system due to its relatively low NPC and emissions output compared to a standalone DG system.
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