Evaluation of soil-gas transport of organic chemicals into residential buildings: Final report

Hodgson, Alfred T.; Garbesi, Karina; Sextro, R.G.; Daisey, Joan M.

doi:10.2172/6006558

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Thus, applying the equilibrium model (eqs [12][13][14] for chloroform at 10 µg/L in water results in mass emissions similar to those predicted for toluene.…”

Section: Mass Transfer Coefficientssupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Volatile chemicals in contaminated tap water can enter indoor air in a home through several sources, including bathtubs, dishwashers, showers, toilets, wash basins, and washing machines. Previous studies related to the volatilization of chemicals from drinking water to indoor air, however, have focused on just one household source, showers (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). As a result, current models used for estimating inhalation exposures related to contaminated tap water (14)(15)(16) are often based on simplifying assumptions and/or extrapolation techniques that fail to capture the mechanistic behavior of the volatilization process for other sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mass Transfer of Volatile Organic Compounds from Drinking Water to Indoor Air: The Role of Residential Dishwashers

Howard-Reed

Corsi

Moya

1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Contaminated tap water may be a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residential indoor air. To better understand the extent and impact of chemical emissions from this source, a two-phase mass balance model was developed based on mass transfer kinetics between each phase. Twenty-nine experiments were completed using a residential dishwasher to determine model parameters. During each experiment, inflow water was spiked with a cocktail of chemical tracers with a wide range of physicochemical properties. In each case, the effects of water temperature, detergent, and dish-loading pattern on chemical stripping efficiencies and mass transfer coefficients were determined. Dishwasher headspace ventilation rates were also measured using an isobutylene tracer gas. Chemical stripping efficiencies for a single cycle ranged from 18% to 55% for acetone, from 96% to 98% for toluene, and from 97% to 98% for ethylbenzene and were consistently 100% for cyclohexane. Experimental results indicate that dishwashers have a relatively low but continuous ventilation rate (∼5.7 L/min) that results in significant chemical storage within the headspace of the dishwasher. In conjunction with relatively high mass transfer coefficients, low ventilation rates generally lead to emissions that are limited by equilibrium conditions after approximately 1-2 min of dishwasher operation.

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“…Thus, applying the equilibrium model (eqs [12][13][14] for chloroform at 10 µg/L in water results in mass emissions similar to those predicted for toluene.…”

Section: Mass Transfer Coefficientssupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Transfer of Volatile Organic Compounds from Drinking Water to Indoor Air: The Role of Residential Dishwashers

Howard-Reed

Corsi

Moya

1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The samples were then analyzed by GC-MS for chloroform to document an increase from 2 to 100 ppb (about 10 to 500 Jlg/m 3 ) during the 10-min shower. Hodgson et al (1988) measured airborne levels of several VOCs (trichloroethylene [TCE], tetrachloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) from a full-size shower. Volatilization during a 10-min shower at 40°C ranged from 74 to 87% for the three compounds.…”

Section: Showers and Bathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little (1992) developed a mass transfer expression based on two-resistance theory to predict the volatilization of compounds from showers. He compared theory predictions to full-scale shower studies by Tancrede et al (1992), Giardino and Andelman (1991), Hodgson et al (1988), andKnezovich (1991). Little concluded that under typical conditions, a 10-min shower would produce an inhalation exposure equivalent to ingesting about 3 1 of tap water.…”

Section: Downloaded By [New York University] At 13:24 13 April 2015mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Exposure and Body Burden for Chloroform and Other Trihalomethanes

Wallace

1997

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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Existing information on human exposure to chloroform and other trihalomethanes (THMs) in air, water, and food is summarized. Three major surveys have collected data on chloroform levels in finished water at treatment plants. EPA's TEAM Studies have measured concentrations of THMs in residential drinking water and in personal, indoor, outdoor, and expired air from about 800 participants in eight cities. The Food and Drug Administration has surveyed chloroform levels in food and beverages. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have completed measuring blood levels of THMs in about 1000 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Exposure occurs through ingestion (drinking tap water and soft drinks and eating certain dairy. foods), inhalation (breathing peak amounts of chloroform emitted during showers or baths, and lower levels in indoor air from other indoor sources), and dermal absorption (during showers, baths, and swimming). Each of these routes of exposure appear to be potentially substantial contributors to total exposure.The major source of exposure to chloroform is chlorination of water supplies. This results in exposure through ingestion of drinking water, but also through inhalation and skin absorption as a result of the myriad other uses of chlorinated water in the home: showers, baths, washing clothes and dishes, etc. Because chlorinated water supplies are used by bottling plants of soft drink manufacturers, even the chloroform found in beverages may be partially due to the chlorination of water supplies. Other sources of exposure, which can be important for specific groups of people, include chlorination of swimming pools, industrial production and use, and use of bleach during clothes washing.

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“…(2) remedial measures taken to reduce high indoor radon concentrations (AECB, 1980;Ericson and Schmied, 1984;Nitschke et al, 1984;Turk et al, 1987;Ericson and Schmied, 1987;Cliff et al, 1987;Scott, 1988); (3) theoretical and numerical studies of radon migration from soil 'into buildings (Bruno, 1983;DSMA Atcon, 1983;Nero and Nazaroff, 1984;N azaroff, 1988); and ( 4) experimental studies of pressure fields and tracer gas 1 migration in the soil adjacent to houses (Nazaroff et al, 19~7a;Sextro et al, 1987;Hodgson et al, 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing soil as a source of indoor radon: Framework for assessing radon source potential

Nazaroff¹,

Moed²,

Sextro³

et al. 1989

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Evaluation of soil-gas transport of organic chemicals into residential buildings: Final report

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Mass Transfer of Volatile Organic Compounds from Drinking Water to Indoor Air: The Role of Residential Dishwashers

Mass Transfer of Volatile Organic Compounds from Drinking Water to Indoor Air: The Role of Residential Dishwashers

Human Exposure and Body Burden for Chloroform and Other Trihalomethanes

Factors influencing soil as a source of indoor radon: Framework for assessing radon source potential

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