Evaluation of Six Commercially Available Rapid Immunochromatographic Tests for the Diagnosis of Rabies in Brain Material

Eggerbauer, Elisa; Benedictis, Paola De; Hoffmann, Bernd; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Schlottau, Kore; Ngoepe, Ernest; Sabeta, Claude; Freuling, Conrad Martin; Müller, Thomas

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004776

Cited by 59 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, a recent study has highlighted diagnostic problems with these tests [30] and therefore rabies antigen RDTs results should be interpreted with caution and may only be useful for surveillance purposes rather than for acute diagnosis and patient management (i.e., post-exposure prophylaxis).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies surveillance in dogs in Lao PDR from 2010-2016

et al. 2017

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BackgroundRabies is a fatal viral disease that continues to threaten both human and animal health in endemic countries. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a rabies-endemic country in which dogs are the main reservoir and continue to present health risks for both human and animals throughout the country.MethodsPassive, laboratory–based rabies surveillance was performed for suspected cases of dog rabies in Vientiane Capital during 2010–2016 and eight additional provinces between 2015–2016 using the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT).ResultsThere were 284 rabies positive cases from 415 dog samples submitted for diagnosis. 257 cases were from Vientiane Capital (2010–2016) and the remaining 27 cases were submitted during 2015–2016 from Champassak (16 cases), Vientiane Province (4 cases), Xieng Kuang (3 cases), Luang Prabang (2 cases), Saravan (1 case), Saisomboun (1 case) and Bokeo (1 case). There was a significant increase in rabies cases during the dry season (p = 0.004) (November to April; i.e., <100mm of rainfall per month). No significant differences were noted between age, sex, locality of rabies cases.ConclusionThe use of laboratory-based rabies surveillance is a useful method of monitoring rabies in Lao PDR and should be expanded to other provincial centers, particularly where there are active rabies control programs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies surveillance in dogs in Lao PDR from 2010-2016

et al. 2017

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“…To complement the analysis of a previous study [30], different commercial LFD test kits were selected based on availability and country of origin. The selected kits originated from five different countries and were purchased online.…”

Section: Commercial Lfd Test Kits For Rabies Diagnosis In Brain Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Anigen/Bionote LFD is the only rabies test for which scientific evaluation has been published, showing promising results [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. However, in a study from 2016, six different LFDs, including the Anigen/Bionote test, were evaluated with very unsatisfying results concerning their diagnostic reliability [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Evidence of Inadequate Quality in Lateral Flow Devices Commercially Offered for the Diagnosis of Rabies

Fahrion

Finke

Eyngor³

et al. 2020

TropicalMed

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As a neglected zoonotic disease, rabies causes approximately 5.9 × 104 human deaths annually, primarily affecting low- and middle-income countries in Asia and Africa. In those regions, insufficient surveillance is hampering adequate medical intervention and is driving the vicious cycle of neglect. Where resources to provide laboratory disease confirmation are limited, there is a need for user-friendly and low-cost reliable diagnostic tools that do not rely on specialized laboratory facilities. Lateral flow devices (LFD) offer an alternative to conventional diagnostic methods and may strengthen control efforts in low-resource settings. Five different commercially available LFDs were compared in a multi-centered study with respect to their diagnostic sensitivity and their agreement with standard rabies diagnostic techniques. Our evaluation was conducted by several international reference laboratories using a broad panel of samples. The overall sensitivities ranged from 0% up to 62%, depending on the LFD manufacturer, with substantial variation between the different laboratories. Samples with high antigen content and high relative viral load tended to test positive more often in the Anigen/Bionote test, the latter being the one with the best performance. Still, the overall unsatisfactory findings corroborate a previous study and indicate a persistent lack of appropriate test validation and quality control. At present, the tested kits are not suitable for in-field use for rabies diagnosis, especially not for suspect animals where human contact has been identified, as an incorrect negative diagnosis may result in human casualties. This study points out the discrepancy between the enormous need for such a diagnostic tool on the one hand, and on the other hand, a number of already existing tests that are not yet ready for use.

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“…Storage in Tanzania and during shipments was not ideal for preservation, therefore samples were tested using a real-time PCR assay 23,24 , as the gold standard OIE tests FAT and RTCIT in particular are sensitive to degradation 25 . More recently samples were also tested in the field using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs, Bionote, Korea) 26,27 .…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance to Establish Elimination of Transmission and Freedom from Dog-mediated Rabies

Hampson¹,

Abela-Ridder²,

Brunker³

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Background: With a global target set for zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030 and some regional programmes close to eliminating canine rabies, there is an urgent need for enhanced surveillance strategies suitable for declaring freedom from disease and elimination of transmission with known confidence. Methods: Using exhaustive contact tracing across settings in Tanzania we generated detailed data on rabies incidence, rabid dog biting behaviour and healthseeking behaviour of bite victims. Using these data we compared case detection of sampling-based and enhanced surveillance methodologies and investigated elimination verification procedures. Findings: We demonstrate that patients presenting to clinics with bite injuries are sensitive sentinels for identifying dog rabies cases. Triage of patients based on bite history criteria and investigation of suspicious incidents can confirm >10% of dog rabies cases and is an affordable approach that will enable validation of disease freedom following two years without case detection. Approaches based on sampling the dog population without using bite-injury follow-up were found to be neither sensitive nor cost-effective. Interpretation: The low prevalence of rabies, and short window in which disease can be detected, preclude sampling-based surveillance. Instead, active case finding guided by bite-patient triage is needed as elimination is approached. Our proposed methodology is affordable, practical and supports the goal of eliminating human rabies deaths by improving administration of lifesaving post-exposure prophylaxis for genuinely exposed but untreated contacts. Moreover, joint investigations by public health and veterinary workers will strengthen intersectoral partnerships and capacity for control of emerging zoonoses. Funding: Wellcome Trustpeer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/096883 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Dec. 31, 2016; 2 Research in ContextEvidence before this study We searched PubMed for studies published in any language up until December 2016 on "rabies" and "surveillance" and "case detection" or "elimination". Almost all studies focused on methods of laboratory diagnosis, with none investigating means of increasing identification of potential case and recovery of samples for subsequent laboratory confirmation. Many studies alluded to underreporting and under detection of rabies, and a much higher burden of disease than confirmed cases suggest. A previous modelling study highlighted the need for improved case detection to validate elimination of transmission and more generally to improve responses to rabies outbreaks. Otherwise there was an absence of scientific recommendations for practical surveillance strategies, which are urgently needed to inform international guidelines for rabies control and elimination programmes. Added value of this study In this study we used detailed and compr...

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Evaluation of Six Commercially Available Rapid Immunochromatographic Tests for the Diagnosis of Rabies in Brain Material

Cited by 59 publications

References 28 publications

Rabies surveillance in dogs in Lao PDR from 2010-2016

Rabies surveillance in dogs in Lao PDR from 2010-2016

Further Evidence of Inadequate Quality in Lateral Flow Devices Commercially Offered for the Diagnosis of Rabies

Surveillance to Establish Elimination of Transmission and Freedom from Dog-mediated Rabies

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