Evaluation of sewage source and fate on southeast Florida coastal reefs

Futch, J. Carrie; Griffin, Dale W.; Banks, Kenneth; Lipp, Erin K.

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.046

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Significant quantities of NoV can be introduced into the marine environment from the discharges of municipal and private wastewater treatment works (39,40), from smaller-scale septic tanks (41,42), and from the overflows from such systems (43). Discharges may be directly introduced into shellfish waters or into watercourses higher in the catchment.…”

Section: Contamination Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be related to variations in physicochemical water quality and/or the fact that shellfish that are relatively close to the discharge but are outside the concentrated path of the effluent plume may not bioaccumulate viruses as much as shellfish that are further away but within the effluent plume's path (39). Some evidence suggests that sediments, sponges (40), and plankton (88) can provide reservoirs for increased persistence of NoV, which may in turn increase the likelihood of bioaccumulation by shellfish. This raises the issue of whether NoV adsorption to organic matter is an important factor in the bioaccumulation of virus by bivalves (89).…”

Section: Environmental Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

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Lees

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis following consumption of bivalve shellfish contaminated with fecal matter. NoV levels can be effectively reduced by some sewage treatment processes such as activated sludge and membrane bioreactors. However, tertiary sewage treatment and substantial sewage dilution are usually required to achieve low concentrations of virus in shellfish. Most outbreaks have been associated with shellfish harvested from waters affected by untreated sewage from, for example, storm overflows or overboard disposal of feces from boats. In coastal waters, NoV can remain in suspension or associate with organic and inorganic matter and be accumulated by shellfish. Shellfish take considerably longer to purge NoV than fecal indicator bacteria when transferred from sewage-polluted estuarine waters to uncontaminated waters. The abundance and distribution of NoV in shellfish waters are influenced by the levels of sewage treatment, proximity of shellfish beds to sewage sources, rainfall, river flows, salinity, and water temperature. Detailed site-specific information on these factors is required to design measures to control the viral risk.

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Section: Contamination Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

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Lees

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…About 57% of southeast Florida's population between these counties relies on centralized sewers, with the remaining 40% dependent on in-ground (relatively untreated) wastewater disposal (Futch et al. 2011 ). Treated wastewater is removed by a series of outfalls, two of which are located in Broward County, which discharge directly into the coastal ecosystem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An extensive system of coastal canals likely carry pollutants into the marine environment such as storm water, urban and agricultural runoff, and reckless waste dumping (Futch et al. 2011 ). The drainage canals connect to the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW), which spans from Fernandina Harbor to Miami Harbor and requires periodic dredging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of marine bacterial community diversity of the coastal waters of the reefs, inlets, and wastewater outfalls of southeast Florida

et al. 2015

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Coastal waters adjacent to populated southeast Florida possess different habitats (reefs, oceanic inlets, sewage outfalls) that may affect the composition of their inherent microbiomes. To determine variation according to site, season, and depth, over the course of 1 year, we characterized the bacterioplankton communities within 38 nearshore seawater samples derived from the Florida Area Coastal Environment (FACE) water quality survey. Six distinct coastal locales were profiled – the Port Everglades and Hillsboro Inlets, Hollywood and Broward wastewater outfalls, and associated reef sites using culture-independent, high-throughput pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region. More than 227,000 sequences helped describe longitudinal taxonomic profiles of marine bacteria and archaea. There were 4447 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified with a mean OTU count of 5986 OTUs across all sites. Bacterial taxa varied significantly by season and by site using weighted and unweighted Unifrac, but depth was only supported by weighted Unifrac, suggesting a change due to presence/absence of certain OTUs. Abundant microbial taxa across all samples included Synechococcus, Pelagibacteraceae, Bacteroidetes, and various Proteobacteria. Unifrac analysis confirmed significant differences at inlet sites relative to reef and outfalls. Inlet-based bacterioplankton significantly differed in greater abundances of Rhodobacteraceae and Cryomorphaceae, and depletion of SAR406 sequences. This study also found higher counts of Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and wastewater associated SBR1093 bacteria at the outfall and reef sites compared to inlet sites. This study profiles local bacterioplankton populations in a much broader context, beyond culturing and quantitative PCR, and expands upon the work completed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FACE program.

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“…This points to the utility of the present report as a baseline prior to the PEI dredging slated to occur in the near future. Previous to this study, the majority of the research and monitoring completed in the inlet used culture-based and qPCR approaches, and focused on presence of fecal indicator bacteria (Futch et al, 2011;Craig unpublished, 2012). An earlier study from our laboratory ( (Aranda et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Information 3: Classification of the Top 50 OTUs From Rank Abundance Curve

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Similar to natural rivers, manmade inlets connect inland runoff to the ocean. Port Everglades Inlet (PEI) is a busy cargo and cruise ship port in South Florida, which can act as a source of pollution and nutrients to surrounding beaches and offshore coral reefs. Understanding the composition and fluctuations of bacterioplankton communities ("microbiomes") in major port inlets is important due to their impacts on surrounding marine environments. We hypothesize annual microbial fluctuations based on seasons (wet vs dry), assessed by high throughput 16S rRNA amplicon library sequencing. Surface water samples were collected weekly for one year, creating a high sampling frequency and fine sampling scale. Over 1.4 million 16S rRNA V4 reads generated a total of 16,384 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from the PEI habitat. We observed Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria as the most dominant phyla. Analysis of potentially pathogenic genera show the presence of Staphylococcus and Bacillus, albeit at lower relative abundances during peak shipping and tourist months (November-April), thus underscoring their relatively low presence. Statistical analyses indicated significant alpha diversity differences when comparing microbial communities with respect to time. This observation probably stems from the low community richness and abundance in August, which had lower than average rainfall levels for Florida's wet season. The lower rainfall levels may have contributed to less runoff, and subsequently fewer bacterial groups being introduced into the port surface waters. Bacterioplankton beta diversity differed significantly by month and season. The 2013-2014 dry season (October-April), was warmer and wetter than historical averages, which may have driven the significant differences in beta diversity. Increased nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations were also observed in these months, possibly creating favorable bacterial growth conditions. To our knowledge, this study represents the first to sample a large port at this fine sampling

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Evaluation of sewage source and fate on southeast Florida coastal reefs

Cited by 22 publications

References 37 publications

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Dynamics of marine bacterial community diversity of the coastal waters of the reefs, inlets, and wastewater outfalls of southeast Florida

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