Evaluation of Sensory and <i>in Vitro</i> Cardio Protective Properties of Sardine (<i>Sardina pilchardus</i>): The Effect of Grilling and Brining

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of grilling and brining on the sensory properties, the fillet fatty acid composition and the cardio-protective activity of sardine (Sardina pilchardus), studying the in vitro activity against Platelet-Activating-Factor (PAF) induced platelet aggregation. Sensory evaluation of grilled and brined sardine showed that grilled sardine had higher scores for the attributes: grilled fish, marine and fresh fish whereas brined sardine had higher scores for the attributes: salty, iodine, oily and bitter. Grilled sardine exhibited significantly increased fillet fatty acid content while the brined fish sample significantly decreased fatty acid levels. Polar lipids of all specimens (raw, grilled and brined) showed strong inhibitory activity against PAF action indicating that grilling and brining have not diminished the cardio-protective properties of sardine.

Structural Elucidation of Irish Organic Farmed Salmon (Salmo salar) Polar Lipids with Antithrombotic Activities

“…The mean IC 50 value of the inhibitory effect of all the salmon TPL extracts towards PAF-induced aggregation was 45 ± 22 μg of TPL in the aggregometer cuvette ( Table 1 ). This IC 50 value is comparable with relative IC 50 values of bioactive PL extracts from other fish species, but also from other food samples, which exhibited similar anti-inflammatory effects towards PAF-induced activation and aggregation of platelets [ 3 , 4 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Similarly, the TPL fraction exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect towards the thrombin pathway of platelet aggregation in hPRP, while higher amounts of both TL and TNL fractions were needed for such inhibition ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Marine phospholipids have a far superior incorporation into plasma lipoproteins including HDL and cell membranes following their consumption, but they may also provide a much higher bioavailability of their ω3 fatty acids, which are contained within their unique structures [ 3 ]. Additionally, marine PL have exhibited strong antithrombotic activities through specific mechanisms, including the potent inhibition of the PAF inflammatory pathway and the modulation of its metabolism towards homeostatic equilibration of PAF levels [ 3 , 4 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Through such bioactivities, marine PL have exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo anti-atherogenic and cardioprotective effects [ 3 , 4 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

“…The in vitro anti-PAF effects of salmon PL are comparable with similar studies of PL from other fish species, such as sardines, sea bass, sea bream, cod, etc. [ 3 , 4 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. However, although still very beneficial, the in vitro anti-thrombin effects of salmon PL were found to be much less potent (one order of magnitude lower) than their anti-PAF effects on human platelet aggregation, demonstrating that the TPL extracts of salmon contains PL that interact mostly via the PAF pathway.…”

“…These marine PL exhibit anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activities through both inhibiting PAF activities and modulating its metabolism towards homeostatic reduction of PAF levels [ 3 , 4 , 13 ]. Through these bioactivities, marine PL have exhibited potent anti-atherogenic and cardioprotective effects in vitro and in vivo [ 3 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Functional Components of Fish

“…According to some researchers, it is believed that the cardioprotective properties of fish oil could be attributed not only to the presence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids but also to the presence of some other micro-constituents [12,13]. Fish oil have been found to contain polar lipid constituents with chemical structure similar to phosphatidylcholine derivatives [14] that possess both in vitro anti-thrombotic [3,4] and in vivo anti-atherogenic properties [15]. The anti-thrombotic activity of fish polar lipids is mainly due to the inhibition of Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)-induced platelet activation and aggregation [3,4], while the mechanism of the anti-atherogenic activity of fish polar lipids is mainly attributed both to reduction of the enzymatic activity of PAF-Cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT); a biosynthetic enzyme of PAF and increase of the enzymatic activity of PAF-Acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH); a catabolic enzyme of PAF [16].…”