Evaluation of selected lipid methods for normalizing pollutant bioaccumulation

Randall, Robert C.; Lee, Henry; Ozretich, Robert J.; Lake, James L.; Pruell, Richard J.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620101108

Cited by 91 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A mean lipid content of 0.34 ( 0.07% (mean ( SE, n ) 91) was found. It should be noted that differences in lipid extraction methods should be taken in consideration when comparing lipidbased partitioning constants between different studies (27). Hexane-extractable lipids (as applied in this study) may not include sufficiently the polar-bound lipid fractions (22,27).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicokinetics and Bioconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater Isopods

Hattum¹,

Montañés²

1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A novel method based on a first-order two-compartment model was used to determine the bioconcentration and toxicokinetic rate constants of six different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus, a common species in most European freshwater systems. Numerical integration and iterative parameter estimation techniques were applied to account for time-varying aqueous exposure concentrations. All PAHs exhibited a rapid uptake. Monophasic elimination patterns were observed for benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (biological half-life t 0.5 : 7-8 days). For the other PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene) typical biphasic patterns were encountered with rapidly (t 0.5 : 0.6-2 days) and slowly (t 0.5 : 99to>1000 days) exchanging compartments. Some PAHs (pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene) will hardly be eliminated during the normal life span of the organism. Bioconcentration factors (log BCF, wet weight; derived from rate constants) increased with molecular weight and K ow (n-octanol/water partition coefficient) from 2.6 L kg -1 (anthracene) to 5.7 L kg -1 (benzo-[ghi]perylene). A linear relationship was observed between log BCF and log K ow. It is argued that biotransformation of PAHs in freshwater isopods seems to play a minor role and that this species may be suitable for the assessment of the bioavailability of PAHs in littoral freshwater environments.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicokinetics and Bioconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater Isopods

Hattum¹,

Montañés²

1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Our survey showed that despite the broad range of methods available for lipid extraction, only a small group of techniques is routinely applied in bioaccumulation studies. Five of the eight laboratories interviewed stated that they commonly use solvent extraction methods based on chloroform/methanol according to Bligh and Dyer [21] or Randall et al [9] which is a modification of the procedure originally described by Folch et al [20]. Two laboratories commonly use the Smedes method [14] which is based on non-chlorinated solvents.…”

Section: Lipid Determination In Bioaccumulation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Principally, extraction differences may lead to substantial differences in comparing BCFs across studies and among species of varying lipid composition [9]. However, a critical investigation of different methods for lipid determination with respect to their impact on estimated BCFs is missing.…”

Section: Effect Of Lipid Extraction Procedures On Lipid-based Bcf Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lipid fractions are usually characterized by different ratios of polar and nonpolar lipids, mainly depending on the total lipid content of the animals/tissues. The use of appropriate extraction techniques based on solvent systems with the right polarity is thus essential [8,9]. In addition, other factors, e.g., temperature, pH, light, and oxygen, may influence lipid extractions [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results obtained with different extraction methods may differ quite considerably [6,8,9,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18], leading to over-or underestimations when normalizing BCF values to lipid contents. Therefore, the selection of appropriate extraction techniques using mixed systems of nonpolar and polar solvents is required to ensure the complete extraction of total lipids from fish/tissue samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of lipid content in fish samples from bioaccumulation studies: contributions to the revision of guideline OECD 305

2012

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Background: The bioaccumulation potential of chemical substances is commonly determined in flow-through fish tests according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) technical guideline (TG) 305, aiming at the determination of bioconcentration factors (BCF). Investigations on aquatic organisms have shown a significant positive correlation between the accumulation of a chemical and the lipid content of organisms. Residue levels can thus differ between individuals, species, and size groups depending on their lipid content. BCF values can be normalized by lipid content; however, this requires the use of appropriate extraction techniques to ensure the complete extraction of total lipids from fish/tissue samples. The OECD TG 305 is currently under revision. A literature review was carried out to select preferred methods which shall be included in the updated OECD TG 305 along with a sampling schedule for lipid measurement in fish. Results: An overview and appraisal of a broad range of lipid extraction methods is presented. Extraction procedures applied in bioaccumulation studies described in the literature and procedures currently used for such studies by governmental, academic, and industrial labs are surveyed. Possible impacts of unsuitable extraction techniques on lipid normalized BCF results were assessed. Default values for BCF normalization commonly used in bioaccumulation studies are described. The effect of differences in residue distribution over different organs and/or lipids on the normalization of BCF values is discussed. Conclusions: A broad range of procedures for lipid extraction are available. However, only the use of suitable extraction techniques guarantees the complete extraction of total lipids from fish samples in bioaccumulation studies which is required to ensure the correct lipid normalization of BCF values. Preferred methods for inclusion in the updated OECD 305 test guideline as well as a standard schedule for lipid measurements are suggested.

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Centrarchid Energetics

Bevelhimer

Breck

2009

Centrarchid Fishes

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Evaluation of selected lipid methods for normalizing pollutant bioaccumulation

Cited by 91 publications

References 12 publications

Toxicokinetics and Bioconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater Isopods

Toxicokinetics and Bioconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater Isopods

Determination of lipid content in fish samples from bioaccumulation studies: contributions to the revision of guideline OECD 305

Centrarchid Energetics

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