Evaluation of sampling techniques for gas-phase siloxanes in biogas

Eichler, Clara M. A.; Wu, Yiming; Cox, Steven S.; Klaus, Stephanie; Boardman, Gregory D.

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.10.049

Cited by 21 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…They are used in a wide range of products including cosmetics, shampoos, soaps, detergents, in industrial uses as precursors in polymeric silicone products, paints, etc. [59][60][61]. Most of these compounds are drained to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) after rinsing, where they are absorbed by sludge.…”

Section: Siloxanesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

et al. 2021

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Biogas is one of the most attractive renewable resources due to its ability to convert waste into energy. Biogas is produced during an anaerobic digestion process from different organic waste resources with a combination of mainly CH4 (~50 mol/mol), CO2 (~15 mol/mol), and some trace gasses. The percentage of these trace gases is related to operating conditions and feedstocks. Due to the impurities of the trace gases, raw biogas has to be cleaned before use for many applications. Therefore, the cleaning, upgrading, and utilization of biogas has become an important topic that has been widely studied in recent years. In this review, raw biogas components are investigated in relation to feedstock resources. Then, using recent developments, it describes the cleaning methods that have been used to eliminate unwanted components in biogas. Additionally, the upgrading processes are systematically reviewed according to their technology, recovery range, and state of the art methods in this area, regarding obtaining biomethane from biogas. Furthermore, these upgrading methods have been comprehensively reviewed and compared with each other in terms of electricity consumption and methane losses. This comparison revealed that amine scrubbing is one the most promising methods in terms of methane losses and the energy demand of the system. In the section on biogas utilization, raw biogas and biomethane have been assessed with recently available data from the literature according to their usage areas and methods. It seems that biogas can be used as a biofuel to produce energy via CHP and fuel cells with high efficiency. Moreover, it is able to be utilized in an internal combustion engine which reduces exhaust emissions by using biofuels. Lastly, chemical production such as biomethanol, bioethanol, and higher alcohols are in the development stage for utilization of biogas and are discussed in depth. This review reveals that most biogas utilization approaches are in their early stages. The gaps that require further investigations in the field have been identified and highlighted for future research.

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Section: Siloxanesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since these siloxanes are resistant to biological and chemical degradation and have low solubility, they accumulate inside the sludge, making it a reservoir of siloxanes. Another reservoir for siloxanes is landfill, where most of the residues of the product containing siloxanes are disposed of [57,59,61].…”

Section: Siloxanesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

et al. 2021

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“…The research sample consisted of 320 SMEs that were still operating in the Cape Metropole, South Africa. Given that the sample size exceeded the recommended minimum size of 30 for a quantitative approach, it is fair to conclude that the sample size was a representation of the target population (Eichler et al 2018).…”

Section: Research Population Sampling Technique and Sample Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Inhibiting Effective Risk Management in Emerging Market SMEs

Chakabva

Tengeh

Dubihlela

2021

JRFM

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Despite the anecdotal evidence that suggests that SMEs adopt inadequate and ineffective risk management practices, only a few studies have been conducted on the topic in the emerging market context. Besides, the existing studies on factors inhibiting effective risk management in emerging market SMEs are devoid of any theoretical grounding. This situation implies that there is still a knowledge gap on this area, and this gap is what the current paper seeks to close. In closing out the gap, this paper used the Resource Based View theory to interpret the results obtained, in order to help clarify the factors inhibiting effective risk management in emerging market SMEs, with a case of South Africa being used. In a first step, questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 320 FMCG SMEs in the Cape Metropolitan area. The results revealed the significance of both intangible and tangible resources in positively impacting the effectiveness of risk management within SMEs. This led to the conclusion that owner-managers must pay particular attention to their intangible and tangible resource structure, which will impact the positive response towards superior performance and competitive advantage by focusing more on coalescing resources that lead to effective risk management.

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“…In order to address the detailed analysis of the three metallurgical gases, a container setup including a PTR-QiTOF as central element was designed and built up within the framework of the project HüGaProp (Hüttengas-Properties, metallurgical gas properties), so that the usual problems associated with offline sampling [11,21,22] such as incomplete trapping of material, tedious and time-consuming sample preparation, evaporative losses, chemical degradation or incomplete recovery could be avoided by the direct on-site online measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The HüGaProp‐Container: Analytical Infrastructure for the Carbon2Chem® Challenge

Gómez

Klucken

Sojka

et al. 2020

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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The utilization of industrial off‐gases as raw material requires a detailed knowledge on their time‐depending composition, especially with regard to trace components. Within the framework of the HüGaProp project (Hüttengas Properties) a measuring container and the analytical methods for the characterization of trace components in the three raw metallurgical gases was developed. The mobile container is deployed in the project Carbon2Chem® to characterize the available off‐gases at a steel mill and provide fundamental data to determine the required gas cleaning as well as the background for the further process design.

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Evaluation of sampling techniques for gas-phase siloxanes in biogas

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes

Factors Inhibiting Effective Risk Management in Emerging Market SMEs

The HüGaProp‐Container: Analytical Infrastructure for the Carbon2Chem® Challenge

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