Evaluation of Resistance to Some Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Insecticides and Their Underlying Impact on the Activity of Esterases and Phosphatases in House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i> (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract

Resistance development against some frequently used insecticides, i.e., deltamethrin (1.5% EC), cypermethrin (10% SC), permethrin (0.5% WP) and DDVP (50% EC) was evaluated against Musca domestica L. Insecticide bioassays were carried out against susceptible and resistant strains at 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 µg/µl concentrations. Mortality data was recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Resistance was monitored up to three generations and the flies with higher LD 50 values than the F1 generation were considered resistant. LD 50 values for Permethrin increased from 58.258 µg/µl to 85.1375 µg/µl with highest resistance ratio (RR) in F1 to F3. The lowest resistance ratio was observed with DDVP. Maximum inhibition in adult emergence was observed against DDVP. The inhibitory activity of Esterases; Acetylcholine and Phosphatases; ACP, AKP was recorded. Deltamethrin inhibited the maximum activity of AChE (50%), whereas, DDVP caused maximum inhibition of acid phosphatases. The results suggested that house fly populations are more resistant to pyrethroids compared to organophosphate insecticides.

Frequency of Pyrethroid Insecticide Resistance kdr Gene and Its Associated Enzyme Modulation in Housefly, Musca domestica L. Populations From Jhang, Pakistan

“…Although all the other insecticides caused maximum mortality at exposure time of 72 h, Tetramethrin (2.85%) and Cypermethrin (9.84%) had decreased mortality when exposure time was increased. In addition, low level of resistance was found against Lambda Cyhalothrin when compared with Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, and Permethrin consistent to our previous studies (Ranian et al, 2021). With Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin moderate level of resistance (RR) was found, whereas maximum resistance was found with Tetramethrin (Singh and Prakash, 2013).…”

Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Adult Houseflies Musca Domestica L. of the Chlorfenapyr-Resistant Strain

“…The Vmax/Km ratio in males was 48.0% Acetylcholinesterase is targeted by insecticides of the OP and carbamate classes [5]. Changes in its activity, substrate specificity, and sensitivity to insecticides are important mechanisms of detoxification and resistance development [33].…”

Toxicity and Resistance Status of Musca domestica against Bifenthrin and Dimethoate from Bhalwal, Punjab, Pakistan

“…In this study, a very low to low resistance level was observed to bifenthrin with resistance ratios ranging from 8.690-11.827. Various pyrethroid insecticides, such as bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, have been used in Pakistan to combat various pests of crops, dairy animals, and poultry (Saleem et al, 2008;Muhammad et al, 2008;Khan et al, 2013c;Ranian et al, 2021). Resistance against pyrethroids have been identified in a number of different insect pests, including tobacco cutworm, spotted bollworm, diamondback moth, house mosquito, coding moth, and American bollworm (Sauphanor et al, 2000;Kranthi et al, 2001;Sayyed et al, 2005;Daaboub et al, 2008;Saleem et al, 2008;Ahmad and Arif 2009;Faheem et al, 2013;Abbas et al, 2014).…”