Evaluation of red mud as a polymetallic source – A review

Agrawal, Shrey; Dhawan, Nikhil

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107084

Cited by 106 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 125 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…RM particles are generally fine-grained with particle sizes smaller than 75 µm for up to 90 wt.% of particles, and surface areas ranging between 10-30 m 2 /g. Given the complex composition of RM, fine particle sizes, high moisture content and toxic caustic-corrosive nature, the processing of RM can be quite challenging and technically difficult [32,80]. Some of the techniques used to extract key metals from RM are briefly summarized below.…”

Section: Resource Recovery Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Managing red mud (RM), a solid waste byproduct of the alumina recovery process, is a serious ecological and environmental issue. With ~150 million tons/year of RM being generated globally, nearly 4.6 billion tons of RM are presently stored in vast waste reserves. RM can be a valuable resource of metals, minor elements, and rare earth elements. The suitability of RM as a low-grade iron resource was assessed in this study. The utilization of RM as a material resource in several commercial, industrial operations was briefly reviewed. Key features of iron recovery techniques, such as magnetic separation, carbothermal reduction, smelting reduction, acid leaching, and hydrothermal techniques were presented. RMs from different parts of the globe including India, China, Greece, Italy, France, and Russia were examined for their iron recovery potential. Data on RM composition, iron recovery, techniques, and yields was presented. The composition range of RMs examined were: Fe2O3: 28.3–63.2 wt.%; Al2O3: 6.9–26.53 wt.%; SiO2: 2.3–22.0 wt.%; Na2O: 0.27–13.44 wt.%; CaO: 0.26–23.8 wt.%; Al2O3/SiO2: 0.3–4.6. Even with a high alumina content and high Al2O3/SiO2 ratios, it was possible to recover iron in all cases, showing the significant potential of RM as a secondary resource of low-grade iron.

show abstract

Section: Resource Recovery Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The solid residue is red due to a large amount of iron oxide, so it is called red mud. Some scholars comprehensively summarized the chemical compound of RM [3,9,12], which varies widely with raw materials and processes. The chemical compound and mineral composition of RM used in a previous experiment [13] are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1, respectively.…”

Section: The Production Properties and Harm Of Red Mudmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Recovery Technology of Red Mud—A review

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

RM (red mud), which comes from the Bayer process, has a huge annual output and is harmful to the environment. Because of the high iron content in RM, the process of iron recovery from RM can reduce the amount of RM well and create economic benefits, so it is a promising process. The paper focuses on the review on the research of the iron recovery method from RM, which includes the physical recovery method, chemical recovery method and emerging recovery method. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of these processes, it is concluded that the fluidized bed reduction is a promising process that can be rapidly applied to the industry, but it still needs more investigation to overcome the current technical difficulties in the near future.

show abstract

“…RM often contains refractory phases of Fe (mainly of hematite), Si (quartz), Al, Ca, K, Ni, Zn, Cu, and others (Klauber et al, 2011 ; Agrawal and Dhawan, 2021 ). Besides, RM is an attractive source of rare earth elements (REEs) such as Gd, Ce, Sc, Y, and Nd (Abhilash et al, 2014 ; Liu and Naidu, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient dealkalization of red mud and recovery of valuable metals by a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Red mud (RM) is a highly alkaline polymetallic waste generated via the Bayer process during alumina production. It contains metals that are critical for a sustainable development of modern society. Due to a shortage of global resources of many metals, efficient large-scale processing of RM has been receiving increasing attention from both researchers and industry. This study investigated the solubilization of metals from RM, together with RM dealkalization, via sulfur (S0) oxidation catalyzed by the moderately thermophilic bacterium Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans. Optimization of the bioleaching process was conducted in shake flasks and 5-L bioreactors, with varying S0:RM mass ratios and aeration rates. The ICP analysis was used to monitor the concentrations of dissolved elements from RM, and solid residues were analyzed for surface morphology, phase composition, and Na distribution using the SEM, XRD, and STXM techniques, respectively. The results show that highest metal recoveries (89% of Al, 84% of Ce, and 91% of Y) were achieved with the S0:RM mass ratio of 2:1 and aeration rate of 1 L/min. Additionally, effective dealkalization of RM was achieved under the above conditions, based on the high rates (>95%) of Na, K, and Ca dissolution. This study proves the feasibility of using bacterially catalyzed S0 oxidation to simultaneously dealkalize RM and efficiently extract valuable metals from the amassing industrial waste.

show abstract

Evaluation of red mud as a polymetallic source – A review

Cited by 106 publications

References 125 publications

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

Iron Recovery Technology of Red Mud—A review

Efficient dealkalization of red mud and recovery of valuable metals by a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About