Evaluation of PPP-RTK based on BDS-3/BDS-2/GPS observations: a case study in Europe

Abstract

The Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) transited from regional (Asia-Pacific) to global on December 28, 2018. In this study, the performance of PPP-RTK based on BDS-3/BDS-2/GPS observations is analyzed by utilizing the observations in Europe during a calm ionospheric disturbance period with Kp-index ranging from 0o to 2-. Satellite clock offsets are first estimated and then fixed to determine the uncalibrated phase delays (UPDs) and the ionospheric/tropospheric information from the reference network. Real-time PPP and PPP AR based on raw observations are conducted at the user, in which atmospheric constraints are imported as virtual observations if available. Analysis results based on three days of observations reveal that centimeter-level positioning accuracy can be achieved based on GPS, BDS or GPS+BDS observations, and the performance can be further improved by realizing PPP AR. The satellite-differenced ionospheric and tropospheric information can be predicted for the users with an accuracy of 24.6 mm This is the Pre-Published Version.

The Performance of Three-Frequency GPS PPP-RTK with Partial Ambiguity Resolution

“…Because atmospheric augmented PPP AR can achieve fast and reliable positioning performance, which is similar to the positioning and convergence performance of real-time kinematics (RTK), this technology is also called PPP-RTK [11]. Benefiting from the many advantages of PPP-RTK, great efforts have been made to work on PPP-RTK with promising results in recent years [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Li et al (2011) performed an atmospheric augmented PPP ambiguity resolution experiment by using atmospheric corrections derived from a network with an average distance of approximately 60 km.…”

“…The results showed that the global positioning system (GPS) alone can achieve sub-decimeter-level positioning accuracy in both the horizontal and vertical components within 4.5 and 5.0 min-1.0 and 0.5 min for multi-GNSS measurements. Li et al (2020) used GPS/BeiDou navigation satellite system (GPS/BDS) observations to investigate the positioning and convergence performance of PPP-RTK. The results demonstrated that PPP-RTK could be obtained utilizing averages of 1.5, 1.6, and 1.2 epochs, and the root mean squares (RMS) of positioning performance in the north, east, and upwards components were 0.73, 0.98, and 2.97 cm for BDS alone; 0.47, 0.80, and 1.97 cm for GPS alone; and 0.35, 0.56, and 2.33 cm for combined GPS + BDS observations.…”

Performance Assessment of Positioning Based on Multi-Frequency Multi-GNSS Observations: Signal Quality, PPP and Baseline Solution

“…Some scholars focused on the performance of the combination of QZSS and other GNSS systems [6,[19][20][21], and concluded that the combined positioning of QZSS and other systems achieved a performance gain, especially under the condition of large cut-off angle. In recent years, many scholars have focused on the mathematical model and positioning performance of BDS-2/BDS-3 and GPS [22][23][24][25]. It is found that integrated BDS-2/BDS-3 can achieve significantly better positioning performance than GPS in PPP and RTK.…”

An Improved Long-Period Precise Time-Relative Positioning Method Based on RTS Data

“…Generally, it is about 10–30 min, in order to achieve centimetre-level positioning accuracy [ 9 ], which limits the high accuracy real-time positioning applications. Although the augmented PPP technique, based on different GNSS and using a dual-frequency satellite receiver, together with local reference stations, significantly shortens the above time to first point [ 10 , 11 ], a local reference station and datalink are necessary. Furthermore, much attention should be paid to ambiguity resolution and validation, which affects the positioning reliability for both RTK and PPP.…”