“…Thus, some researches have been carried out to investigate the thermal cracking behaviors of concrete at elevated temperatures, and the vital governing factors for high-temperature cracking of concrete, such as steam pressure, external load, thermal stress as well as some fracture parameters including the critical fracture toughness and fracture energy. Based on the research of concrete damage behavior at elevated temperatures in material level, some fire damage assessment models and methods of concrete structures in structural level (Behnam et al., 2013; Molkens et al., 2017; Qin et al., 2022; Ryu et al., 2018; Vitorino et al., 2020), have been developed and utilized to explore the relationships between fire temperature and the residual load-bearing capability of engineering structures, especially for post-earthquake fires.…”