Evaluation of portable near-infrared spectroscopy for organic milk authentication

Abstract

Organic products are vulnerable to fraud due to their premium price. Analytical methodology helps to manage the risk of fraud and due to the miniaturization of equipment, tests may nowadays even be rapidly applied on-site. The current study aimed to evaluate portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with chemometrics to distinguish organic milk from other types of milk, and compare its performance with benchtop NIRS and fatty acid profiling by gas chromatography. The sample set included 37 organic retail milks and 50 non-organic retail milks (of which 36 conventional and 14 green 'pasture' milks). Partial least squares discriminant analysis was performed to build classification models and kernel density estimation (KDE) functions were calculated to generate non-parametric distributions for samples' class probabilities. These distributions showed that portable NIRS was successful to distinguish organic milks from conventional milks, and so were benchtop NIRS and fatty acid profiling procedures. However, it was less successful when 'pasture' milks were considered too, since their patterns occasionally resembled those of the organic milk group. Fatty acid profiling was capable of distinguishing organic milks from both non-organic milks though, including the 'pasture' milks. This comparative study revealed that the classification performance of the portable NIRS for this application was similar to that of the benchtop NIRS.

Nontargeted Analytical Methods as a Powerful Tool for the Authentication of Spices and Herbs: A Review

“…Liu et al. () constructed classification models using the NIR information combined with PLS‐DA, successfully discriminating 95% of saffron samples according to their geographical origin.…”

“…This "identification" based on the composition can be used as input to generate classification models that allow to discriminate the spices according to their geographical origin. Liu et al (2018) constructed classification models using the NIR information combined with PLS-DA, successfully discriminating 95% of saffron samples according to their geographical origin.…”

“…However, although the demand for portable devices has increased (Bouyé & d'Humières, 2017), its focus has been the evaluation of food quality and composition, especially in meat, dairy products, and fruits and vegetables (Abasi et al, 2018;Capitani, Sobolev, Di Tullio, Mannina, & Proietti, 2017;Porep, Kammerer, & Carle, 2015). In addition, there are works based on portable/handheld spectrometer for food authentication (Basri et al, 2017;Correia et al, 2018;Grassi & Alamprese, 2018;Limm, Karunathilaka, Yakes, & Mossoba, 2018;Liu et al, 2018;Manfredi et al, 2018;Nieuwoudt, Holroyd, McGoverin, Simpson, & Williams, 2016;Picouet, Gou, Hyypiö, & Castellari, 2018;Schmutzler, Beganovic, Böhler, & Huck, 2015;Shotts, Plans Pujolras, Rossell, & Rodriguez-Saona, 2018;Vargas Jentzsch, Torrico-Vallejos, Mendieta-Brito, Ramos, & Ciobotȃ, 2016).…”

Potential of Recent Ambient Ionization Techniques for Future Food Contaminant Analysis Using (Trans)Portable Mass Spectrometry

“…A trend towards on-site pre-screening of food quality and safety parameters can be observed. Portable and smartphone-based optical spectroscopy instruments such as near-infrared (NIR) scanners and hyperspectral cameras are a l r e a d y o n t h e m a r k e t f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e macrocomposition in foods and drinks, including adulterations thereof (Liu et al 2018;Rateni et al 2017). Specific substances such as antibiotics residues are already analyzed in milk tanks at the farm by dairy truck drivers using ligandbinding lateral flow assays and possibly soon consumers will test food themselves (Ross et al 2018).…”

Identification of Tilletia foetida, Ustilago tritici, and Urocystis tritici Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

“…NIRS, a rapid, low-cost, pollution-free, and nondestructive analytical technique, can be used to conduct both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of samples using material information contained in near-infrared spectra and has been widely applied in agriculture, food, petroleum, chemical, pharmacy, and other industries [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Since NIRS is an indirect analytical technique, when it is applied to perform qualitative or quantitative analysis of an unknown sample, it is necessary to obtain near-infrared spectral data of a large number of known samples and then to establish a qualitative or quantitative identification model using chemometric methods.…”