Evaluation of Polysaccharide–Peptide Conjugates Containing the RGD Motif for Potential Use in Muscle Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

New scaffold materials composed of biodegradable components are of great interest in regenerative medicine. These materials should be: stable, nontoxic, and biodegrade slowly and steadily, allowing the stable release of biodegradable and biologically active substances. We analyzed peptide-polysaccharide conjugates derived from peptides containing RGD motif (H-RGDS-OH (1), H-GRGDS-NH2 (2), and cyclo(RGDfC) (3)) and polysaccharides as scaffolds to select the most appropriate biomaterials for application in regenerative medicine. Based on the results of MTT and Ki-67 assays, we can state that the conjugates containing calcium alginate and the ternary nonwoven material were the most supportive of muscle tissue regeneration. Scanning electron microscopy imaging and light microscopy studies with hematoxylin–eosin staining showed that C2C12 cells were able to interact with the tested peptide–polysaccharide conjugates. The release factor (Q) varied depending on both the peptide and the structure of the polysaccharide matrix. LDH, Alamarblue®, Ki-67, and cell cycle assays indicated that peptides 1 and 2 were characterized by the best biological properties. Conjugates containing chitosan and the ternary polysaccharide nonwoven with peptide 1 exhibited very high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall, the results of the study suggested that polysaccharide conjugates with peptides 1 and 2 can be potentially used in regenerative medicine.

Tissue engineering modalities in skeletal muscles: focus on angiogenesis and immunomodulation properties

“…Data indicated that the culture of C2C12 cells on electrospun pectin-RGD nanofibers promoted proliferation and differentiation after 7 days compared to the non-modified pectin group [ 70 ]. In an experiment, the dynamic growth of fibroblasts and murine satellite cells was studied on hyaluronic acid hydrogel modified with RGD, IKVAV, or VFDNFVLK sequences [ 250 ]. Data indicated that 2% hyaluronic acid‒RGD yielded the highest proliferation rate while IKVAV-modified hyaluronic acid substrate increased morphological adaptation and motility of plated cells.…”

“…Data indicated that 2% hyaluronic acid‒RGD yielded the highest proliferation rate while IKVAV-modified hyaluronic acid substrate increased morphological adaptation and motility of plated cells. Interestingly, data showed that fibroblast migration is affected by peptide chains [ 250 ]. Due to the induction of myogenesis via the expression of Pax7 and MyoD, it was postulated that 3% hyaluronic acid with IKVAV sequence is an ideal substrate for the regeneration of muscle tissue.…”

Hybrid Self-Assembled Peptide Hydrogels Promote Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice

“…Due to their role as ligands for integrin receptors, RGD peptides exert significant influences on cellular adhesion and proliferation. 23 Hydrogels loaded with G peptide can effectively promote the formation of blood vessels. 24 However, the use of isolated Q and G peptides greatly limits their residence time in vivo due to their solubility and easy degradation, thereby limiting their biological applications.…”

“…In comparison to native ECM proteins, RGD peptides offer the advantage of minimizing the risk of immune responses or pathogen transmission, particularly when utilizing protein xenografts from different organisms. Due to their role as ligands for integrin receptors, RGD peptides exert significant influences on cellular adhesion and proliferation . Hydrogels loaded with G peptide can effectively promote the formation of blood vessels …”

3D printing of gellan‐dextran methacrylate IPNs in glycerol and their bioadhesion by RGD derivatives

“…18,19 In this light, such functionalization could provide anchoring points to the cells, which could either adhere to the scaffold surface or change their morphology and alignment depending on the arrangement of the ligands. 20,21 An efficient and smart approach regarding the preparation of innovative scaffolds relies on the combination of different modified polysaccharides in multicomponent hydrogels, such as semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (semi-IPNs) and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs). 22 The advantageous characteristics of each component in the (semi)-IPNs result in novel systems with enhanced properties, frequently differing significantly from those of the individual polysaccharides.…”