Evaluation of pituitary gland anatomy and histopathologic findings in clinically normal horses and horses and ponies with pituitary pars intermedia adenoma

Kolk, Johannes H. van der; Heinrichs, Martin; Amerongen, Johan D van; Stooker, Rob C J; Wal, Lisette Jansen in de; Ingh, T.S.G.A.M. van den

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1701

Cited by 51 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Horses with PPID often also have increased plasma α-MSH levels, which have also been correlated with an increased BCS [14]. Unfortunately, since previous research has shown that histologic lesions in the pars intermedia do not always correlate with clinical signs [25], and since horses in the current study did not undergo diagnostic testing for PPID, the health implications of concurrent IR and pituitary lesions require further study. The results of this study, do, however, confirm previous reports that increasing pituitary scores are correlated with increasing age [18] [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Pituitary Lesions, Obesity, and Mesenteric Lipomas in Insulin-Resistant Horses

Newkirk¹,

Chameroy²,

Tadros³

et al. 2014

OJVM

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The aim of the current study was to identify associations between pituitary lesions, body condition scores, and mesenteric lipomas in horses with insulin resistance. Necropsy examinations were performed following euthanasia in 30 adult horses designated as insulin resistant (n = 11) or insulin sensitive (n = 19). Insulin sensitivity was determined using the insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and resting insulin concentrations. At necropsy, mesenteric lipomas were measured. The pituitary and adrenal glands, pancreas, and liver were evaluated histologically; pituitary glands were scored based on published criteria. Insulin-resistant horses had significantly higher pituitary scores (p = 0.0035) and body condition scores (p = 0.0001), even when adjusting for age, and a greater frequency of mesenteric lipomas (p = 0.014) and greater lipoma area (p = 0.0332) than insulin-sensitive horses. Regardless of insulin status, horses with pituitary scores ≥3 (diffuse hyperplasia; n = 25) had higher body condition scores (p = 0.0313) and a greater frequency of mesenteric lipomas (p < 0.0002) than those with lower pituitary scores. High body condition score was not correlated to an increased frequency of mesenteric lipomas. Detection of higher pituitary scores in insulin-resistant horses suggested an association between insulin resistance and pituitary morphology. Horses in the insulin-resistant group and those with high pituitary scores had higher body condition scores and a greater frequency of mesenteric lipomas. These horses might be at increased risk for lipoma-associated colic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Pituitary Lesions, Obesity, and Mesenteric Lipomas in Insulin-Resistant Horses

Newkirk¹,

Chameroy²,

Tadros³

et al. 2014

OJVM

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“…The gelding remained bright, with a good appetite, and no further weight loss occurred until the horse was subjected to euthanasia 1.5 months after admission as dictated by the protocol of the research study. Post mortem examination confirmed PPID (pituitary gland weight 5.8 g and PPID grade 5/5 ; pituitary weight/body weight, 15.7 × 10 −6 g, range in normal animals, 4.2–8.5 × 10 –6 g) , but no abnormalities of the liver or other tissues were reported.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 89%

Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in horses and ponies with endocrine disorders

Dunkel

Wilford

Parkinson

et al. 2013

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing the study: Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in horses and ponies with endocrine disorders has been reported anecdotally but has not been documented in the literature. Objectives: To describe historical and clinicopathological findings as well as progression and outcome in horses and ponies with severe hypertriglyceridaemia (serum triglyceride concentration >5.65 mmol/l) secondary to an endocrine disorder that were otherwise apparently healthy. Methods: Cases from 6 participating institutions were identified and case details extracted from the medical records. Results: Case details of 3 horses and 4 ponies were available. Presenting complaints included weight loss despite good appetite in 4 animals, while in 3 hypertriglyceridaemia was identified incidentally. All animals were bright and alert and showed a normal or increased appetite. Serum triglyceride concentrations ranged from 10.5 to 60.3 mmol/l. Other abnormalities included hyperglycaemia in 6 animals, suspected insulin resistance and mild to severe increases in hepatic enzyme activities. In 2 animals, moderate hepatic lipidosis was confirmed histologically. Three horses and 3 ponies were diagnosed with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction based on clinical signs and basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations or dexamethasone suppression test results. In 5 of these, type 2 diabetes mellitus was also confirmed, while one pony suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus without concurrent pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Laboratory abnormalities improved in 4 animals with treatment (pergolide and/or insulin), in one horse specific treatment was not attempted, and in 2 ponies treatment was impaired by the owner or only partly effective. In one of the latter cases, biochemical abnormalities persisted for 7 years without apparent ill effects. Conclusions and potential relevance: Horses and ponies may develop severe hypertriglyceridaemia secondary to endocrine disorders that are associated with insulin resistance. Hypertriglyceridaemia can resolve with treatment of the endocrinopathy. Although biochemical evidence of hepatic compromise was present, clinical abnormalities were not noted in these animals.

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“…), with those suffering from pituitary pars‐intermedia dysfunction (PPID) measuring on average 2.6 ± 0.3 cm rostrocaudal length, 2.4 ± 0.26 cm laterolateral width, and 1.92 ± 0.43 cm dorsoventral height (Kolk et al . ). Enlarged pituitary glands can also be found in horses with no neurological signs and without PPID.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…; Kolk et al . ; Crijns et al . ), with those suffering from pituitary pars‐intermedia dysfunction (PPID) measuring on average 2.6 ± 0.3 cm rostrocaudal length, 2.4 ± 0.26 cm laterolateral width, and 1.92 ± 0.43 cm dorsoventral height (Kolk et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), melanotrope hyperplasia and macroadenoma formation in the pituitary pars intermedia (Kolk et al . ; Mcfarlane ) as most likely differentials; other differential diagnoses such as infectious or inflammatory process of the pituitary gland (abscessation, pituitary hypophysitis), or cystic echinococcus ( Echinococcus equinus ) were considered less likely. There was no evidence of masseter muscle atrophy or exophthalmos on the CT examination.…”

Section: Imaging Diagnosis and Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

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Pituitary gland abscess in a horse subsequent to head trauma

Morgan

Fiske-Jackson

Biggi

2019

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A 5‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding with recent history of head trauma presented with multiple facial swellings, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, neck pain, inappetence and depression. On computed tomographic examination, lesions within the pituitary fossa and structures adjacent to the right guttural pouch were identified. Soft tissue swelling was seen in the dorsal aspect of the right guttural pouch surrounding several cranial nerves, with fluid‐like material in the dependent portions of the right guttural pouch. A CSF sample revealed mild mixed pleocytosis and increased protein concentration. The horse had concurrent periapical disease of the 209‐cheek tooth and mild left sinusitis. The horse's demeanour deteriorated requiring euthanasia. Post‐mortem examination revealed a pituitary gland abscess.

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Evaluation of pituitary gland anatomy and histopathologic findings in clinically normal horses and horses and ponies with pituitary pars intermedia adenoma

Cited by 51 publications

References 23 publications

Pituitary Lesions, Obesity, and Mesenteric Lipomas in Insulin-Resistant Horses

Pituitary Lesions, Obesity, and Mesenteric Lipomas in Insulin-Resistant Horses

Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in horses and ponies with endocrine disorders

Pituitary gland abscess in a horse subsequent to head trauma

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