Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics in Drinking Water Sources Emphasized on Fluoride: A Case Study of Yancheng, China

Abstract

In this study, the concentration of fluoride and the associated health risks for infants, children, and adults were analyzed and compared for three drinking water sources in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, China. To analyze the relationship between the water quality parameters of pH, fluoride (F−), sulfate (SO42−), chloride (Cl−), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TAlk), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+), statistical analyses including correlation analysis, R-mode cluster analysis and factor analysis were performed based on monthly data from the year 2010 to 2015. The results indicated: (1) Fluoride concentrations in the drinking water sources ranged from 0.38 to 1.00 mg L−1 (mean = 0.57 mg L−1) following the order of Tongyu River > Yanlong Lake > Mangshe River; (2) fluoride concentrations in 22.93% of the collected samples were lower than 0.5 mg L−1, which has the risk of tooth cavities, especially for the Mangshe River; (3) the fluoride exposure levels of infants were higher than children and adults, and 3.2% of the fluoride exposure levels of infants were higher than the recommended toxicity reference value of 122 μg kg−1 d−1 as referenced by Health Canada, which might cause dental fluorosis issues; (4) the physico-chemical characteristics are classified the into four groups reflecting F−- TAlk, Na+-K+, SO42−-Cl−, and pH-TDS, respectively, indicating that fluoride solubility in drinking water is TAlk dependent, which is also verified by R-mode cluster analysis and factor analysis. The results obtained supply useful information for the health department in Yancheng City, encouraging them to pay more attention to fluoride concentration and TAlk in drinking water sources.

Investigation of Groundwater Fluoride Dynamics in the Lower Gangetic Plain Including Natural Influences with Economic and Health Issues

“…Thus, a strong correlation was found between sodium and chloride ions in fluoridated groundwater which showed saline condition and this observation is well supported by other studies. 11,44 Moreover, higher F − dissolution in groundwater is due to silicate weathering under alkaline conditions in the lower Gangetic plain which is supported by other studies. 11,45 Collected fluoridated groundwater samples from the studied areas were verified for physicochemical analyses and ionic concentration assessments of the estimated data.…”

The Safety of Fluoride Compounds and Their Effect on the Human Body—A Narrative Review

“…Therefore, in the case of caries prevention, an additional supply of fluoride is needed. On the other hand, in the case of too much fluoride content in the consumed water, bottled water can be an alternative way to reduce the supply of fluoride to the body [ 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Physicochemical Parameters of River Water and their Relation to Zooplankton: A Review

“…In the Dejiala River values of Sulphate ions ranged from 40 to 150 mg l -1 [61]. Also, the mean values of sulphate ions in Tongyu River and Mangshe River were 49 and 43 mg/L, respectively [62]. Rashad et al [63] observed the mean value of sulphate ions of Nile River ranged from 26.5 mg l -1 in winter to 24 mg l -1 in summer.…”