Evaluation of physicochemical and tribological properties of chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus wightianus) oil as green lubricant base stock

Abstract

Due to environmental concerns, natural oils are increasingly being used as an alternative to mineral oil-based products such as lubricants. However, the use of edible oil for industrial application adversely affects their availability for edible purposes. Chaulmoogra oil is a non-edible oil obtained from the seeds of chaulmoogra tree that grows in wastelands. The fatty acid constituents of vegetable oils determine their properties. Presence of long-chain cyclic fatty acids like chaulmoogric acid, hydnocarpic acid and gorlic acid distinguishes chaulmoogra oil from other oils. Research on how cyclic fatty acids influence the properties of vegetable oils and affect their efficacy as base oils for lubricants is scarce in the literature. This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of the physicochemical, viscometric, oxidative and tribological properties of chaulmoogra oil as a lubricant base stock. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods were used for structure elucidation. The viscometric analysis was conducted by using Brookfield viscometer. The tribological performance was evaluated by a four-ball apparatus as per ASTM D4172-94. Thermal and oxidative stabilities were evaluated by thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis in nitrogen and oxygen environments. Pour point was assessed by ASTM D97 method and differential scanning calorimetry. Chaulmoogra oil has a viscosity of 9.2 cSt at 100 ℃ and a viscosity index of 166. Though the coefficient of friction was better than a commercial lubricant of similar viscosity range (SAE 20W40), the wear scar diameter was comparatively higher. Addition of antiwear additive zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate showed considerable improvement in the wear performance of chaulmoogra oil. Chaulmoogra oil showed a high pour point value around 15 ℃ which needs to be improved by appropriate pour point depressants. Environmental advantage, coupled with non-edible nature of chaulmoogra oil, makes it an excellent base stock for lubricants.

Antiwear and extreme pressure properties of hazelnut oil blended with ZDDP

“…However, the improvement in the WSD with the addition of ZDDP brings the WSD of the hazelnut comparable to the fully formulated oils. The experimental results of the current study are compared with the different tribological studies of petroleum-based oils under similar conditions (392 N, 1,200 RPM, 3,600 s and 75°C) as depicted by Figure 2 (Salaji and Jayadas, 2020; Hassan et al , 2016; Charoo and Wani, 2017; Zahid et al , 2015). It is observed that hazelnut oil mixed with ZDDP depict wear scars very close to the petroleum-based oils and has tremendous potential as a lubricant for industrial use.…”

Development of solid lipid nanoparticle gel for transdermal delivery system of chaulmoogra oil

“…One mg per mL of stock sample was prepared and 5 µL of this solution was injected in ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS and the mass spectra were recorded in positive and negative modes [14].…”

“…Quantitative estimation of isolated hydnocarpic from CMO acid using HPTLC The reference methodology was followed with a few modifications for HPTLC (CAMAG, Muttenz, Switzerland) fitted with winCATS 1.2.3 software for fingerprinting and quantitative analysis [14]. A stock solution (1.0 mg/mL) of the sample was prepared in UPLC-MS grade methanol and spotted in duplicate on a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate in different concentrations such as 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 µL, respectively.…”

A review of advances in tribology in 2020–2021

“…Nanofluids formed from metal compounds also work well as lubricant additives [84][85][86][87]. Lubrication additives can also be obtained by modifying Zn/ZnO (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates, ZDDP) [88][89][90][91][92][93][94]. Wu et al [95] synthesized lithium complex grease (LCG) added with carbon black (C), Fe 3 O 4 , and Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles on rolling bearing and found that nanoparticles were beneficial to enhance the friction and wear performance (see Fig.…”