Evaluation of PECAM-1 and p38 MAPK expressions in cerebellum tissue of rats treated with caffeic acid phenethyl ester: a biochemical and immunohistochemical study

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on damage caused to cerebellum tissue by diffuse traumatic head trauma via biochemical, histopathologic, and immuno-histochemical methods. Materials and methods: Male Sprague-Dawley (300-350 g) rats were subjected to traumatic brain injury with a weight-drop device (300 g/1 m weight-height impact). Twenty-four adult rats were randomly divided into three equal groups of 8, including a control group, traumatic brain injury (TBI) group, and TBI + CAPE treatment group (10 μmoL/kg/i.p.). Cerebellum tissue samples taken from anterior lobe from all rats were taken 7 days after traumatic injury and were subjected to biochemical and histopathological analysis, as well as immunohistochemical analysis for platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and phosphate 38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Results: In the TBI group, the granular layer had dilatation and haemorrhage in the capillary vessels and inflammatory cell infiltration around the periphery of the blood vessels. In the TBI + CAPE group, the small capillaries in the white matter were slightly dilated, there were no inflammatory cells, and dense chromatin/ granular cells were observed in the granular layer. Also in the TBI + CAPE group, the Purkinje cells of the ganglion cell layer had ovoid nuclei, were chromatin-rich, and their extensions protruded to the molecular layer. CAPE is thought to regulate inflammation, cell damage, and angiogenetic development by affecting the PECAM-1 and p38 MAPK proteins. Conclusions: These proteins are key modulators of endothelial integrity and neuroinflammation in vessels in response to endothelial damage as well as of the proinflammatory response in the cerebellum in response to traumatic damage.

CAPE and Neuroprotection: A Review

“…The broad spectrum of pharmacological activities shown by CAPE ranges from anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory to anti-viral/anti-fungal properties, including anti-proliferative effects in various cancer models [10]. A recent in vivo study indicated that CAPE has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier in rats [11,12]. This review focuses on the protective effects of CAPE in many diseases that can affect the central nervous system (CNS).…”

Chronic Administration of 7,8-DHF Lessens the Depression-like Behavior of Juvenile Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Treated Rats at Their Adult Age

“…Previous studies have focused mainly on severe TBI inadulthood [37][38][39]. Given the higher incidence of mild TBI (mTBI) at the age of 10~29 [71], it is therefore in the urgent interest of public health that clinical researchers focus on elucidating the pathological mechanisms of, and devising new therapies for, the neurological, psychological consequences of juvenile mild-TBI (mTBI-J).…”

“…Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), PTSD, and MDD are the most prevalent psychiatric sequelae of TBI. Previous TBI studies have focused mainly on adults [37][38][39], but adolescent males comprise the largest TBI cohort with 21.3% of total cases [40]. Therefore, in the urgent interest of public health, researchers are beginning to focus on elucidating the pathological mechanisms and devising new therapies for the neurological and psychological consequences of adolescent TBI.…”

Role of CAPE in reducing oxidative stress in animal models with traumatic brain injury

“…CAPE is obtained from propolis honey bee through extraction [ 16 ], the structure of CAPE contains catechol which is a powerful antioxidant [ 17 ]. Propolis has long been used for many years as traditional medicine [ 18 ]. The antioxidant effect of propolis which contain CAPE is stronger if compared to propolis without CAPE [ 17 , 18 ].…”

“…Propolis has long been used for many years as traditional medicine [ 18 ]. The antioxidant effect of propolis which contain CAPE is stronger if compared to propolis without CAPE [ 17 , 18 ]. CAPE has also been reported to inhibit prostaglandin (PG) and leukotriene synthesis.…”