Evaluation of Parameters Effect in Multiphoton Quantum Key Distribution Over Fiber Optic

Harun, Nur Ziadah; Zukarnain, Zuriati Ahmad; Hanapi, Zurina Mohd; Ahmad, Idawaty

doi:10.1109/access.2018.2866554

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In addition, the quantum cryptography is not able to be copied which supported by No-Cloning theorem discussed in [8] and [7]. Another quantum cryptography protocol which originated from the quantum cryptography branch which are Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Quantum Secret Sharing (QSS) and Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC).…”

Section: Quantum Cryptographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to [8], the four-levels of encoding which are represented as states of polarization are capable to transmit 2 bits of information at a time. For eight-levels encoding, according to the formula it will has capacity to transmit 3 bits of information at a time while sixteen-level encoding will transmit 4 bits of information at a time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protocol Efficiency Using Multiple Level Encoding in Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

Mohamad Rodzi,

Azahari,

Harun

2023

IJSECS

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One of the objectives of information security is to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the information by ensuring that information is transferred in a way that is secure from any listener or attacker. There was no comparison experiment conducted in earlier studies regarding different level encoding performance towards the multiphoton technique. In Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC), when unpolarized light enters into the polarizer, the light value will be changed into a different value when it hit the Half Wave Plate (HWP) along the quantum communication channel. The multiphoton technique in the earlier study is particular to transmission time for data transfer encoding and extra time for polarizers to change polarization angles, both of which contribute to longer transmission times. With four different sizes of qubits, the three simulation experiments are carried out using Python coding with 2,4 and 8 levels of encoding. Experiment results demonstrate that the most efficient average photon transmission derived from 18 qubit size ranges from 98.71% to 98.73% depending on encoding level. With 18 qubit size, the four-level encoding result has the highest average efficiency, followed by the eight-level and two-level encodings, respectively. 4-level encoding exhibits the highest average photon efficiency between 2 and 8-level encoding.

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Section: Quantum Cryptographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protocol Efficiency Using Multiple Level Encoding in Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

Mohamad Rodzi,

Azahari,

Harun

2023

IJSECS

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“…For QSDC, the average number of photon per stage is set to 3.3 to ensure the system is secure from eavesdroppers. In [10] and [35], the maximum number of photon N max = 4 photons corresponding to optimum average number of photon µ opt = 2.6. Thus, N max = 4 is chosen as the number of photons to encode a bit of message because it falls within the acceptable error probability threshold.…”

Section: B Photon Number Splitting (Pns) Attackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid M-Ary in Braided Single Stage Approach for Multiphoton Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

et al. 2019

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Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a branch of quantum cryptography which exploits laws of physics and was recently proposed for securing information transferred from sender to receiver without relying on computational complexity. Instead of an entangled photon, the quantum cryptography employs two other approaches, single photon and multiphoton for encoding the messages. The multiphoton was proposed to outperform the weaknesses of a single photon by introducing the multiplicity of a photon to perform data encryption tasks. Despite the advantages of multiphoton, the transmission time to transfer the encoded data is still regarded as a critical issue. Most of the multiphoton approaches require multiple photons to travel along a number of stages. Moreover, extra time is needed to change the polarization angle of the optical device for encoding purposes. These situations have resulted in an increase in source redundancy, which subsequently leads to an increase in the transmission time. In this paper, a compression message approach is proposed to mitigate the substantial increase in time used for the data transmission processes. The proposed compression approach, namely, hybrid M-ary in a braided single stage (HMBSS) is based on the lossless data encoding such that the number of photons is reduced in the data transmission stage. Extensive simulation experiments have been conducted to test the performance of the proposed approach against some selected multiphoton approaches. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms braided single-stage, M-ary three-stage and initialization vector in terms of reducing total average transmission time to encode the photon by about 75.9% and 91.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the HMBSS reduces the overhead on the transmission channel by minimizing the number of message's bits by about 45% in average even when the length of the message increases during the transmission as compared to others.INDEX TERMS Encoding, lossless compression, multiphoton, multistages, polarization state.

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“…In quantum communication, the channels used to transmit the quantum state can be categorized into three types, which are fiber optic (FO), free space optic (FSO), and underwater communication [1,2]. However, the quantum communication over fiber optic has reached optimal performance due to the fixed loss related to fiber and the restriction of the device related to the efficiency of the photon detector at the receiver [3]. The emergence of free space QC has overcome the drawbacks of the optical fiber QC in terms of flexible installation and transmission plus broader geographical coverage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concept of the multiphoton QKD [3,7,8] is to use rotational polarization to exchange the key. By applying the state of polarization, the system does not require the output of one of the four states as in the BB84 scheme.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MQC-MB: Multiphoton Quantum Communication Using Multiple-Beam Concept in Free Space Optical Channel

et al. 2020

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Multiphoton Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has recently been proposed to exchange the secret keys using the rotational of polarization over a multi-stage protocol. It has the ability to outperform the weaknesses of a single photon QKD by improving the generation of key rate and distance range. This paper investigates the theoretical aspects of multiphoton QKD protocol’s performance over free space optic (FSO) networks. The most common setup for quantum communication is the single-beam approach. However, the single-beam setup has limitations in terms of high geometrical loss. In this paper, the symmetry multiple-beam for quantum communication which is called as Multiphoton Quantum Communication-Multiple Beam (MQC-MB) is proposed to transmit the multiphoton from the sender to the receiver in order to minimize the impact of geometrical loss that is faced by the single-beam setup. The analysis was carried out through mathematical analysis by establishing the FSO quantum model with the effects of atmospheric and geometrical loss as well as considering atmospheric turbulence modeled by log-normal distribution. The design criteria of FSO, such as the transmitter, receiver, beam divergence, and diameter of apertures, are analytically investigated. The numerical results demonstrate that the MQC-MB outperforms the single-beam in terms of reducing channel loss by about 8 dB and works well under strong turbulence channel. Furthermore, the MQC-MB reduces the quantum bit error rate (QBER) and improves the secret key rate (SKR) as compared to the single-beam system even though the distance between the sender and receiver increases.

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Evaluation of Parameters Effect in Multiphoton Quantum Key Distribution Over Fiber Optic

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Protocol Efficiency Using Multiple Level Encoding in Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

Protocol Efficiency Using Multiple Level Encoding in Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

Hybrid M-Ary in Braided Single Stage Approach for Multiphoton Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

MQC-MB: Multiphoton Quantum Communication Using Multiple-Beam Concept in Free Space Optical Channel

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