Evaluation of p16INK4a expression in ThinPrep cervical specimens with the CINtec p16INK4a assay

Abstract

We explored the effects of addition of the nonionic surfactant Triton X‐100 on the stability of aggregates of poly(ethylene glycol‐bl‐propylene sulfide) di‐ and triblock copolymers. Fluorescence spectra of pyrene, used as a probe molecule, elucidated the various stages of transformation from pure copolymeric micelles to surfactant‐rich micelles. Turbidity measurements yielded insight into the mechanism of the interaction, the hydrophobicity of the copolymer driving the process. Triton X‐100 tends to strongly interact with highly hydrophobic copolymers by inserting into the core of the micellar aggregates. On the other hand, Triton X‐100 tends to interact with the corona of micelles formed by less hydrophobic copolymers which, for this reason, are more stable upon addition of this destabilizing agent. Kinetic data give evidence that only monomers, not micelles of surfactant, interact with the copolymer micelles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2477–2487, 2008

Human papillomavirus and molecular considerations for cancer risk

“…Immunohistochemical detection of CDKN2A has shown promise in the evaluation of equivocal cervical Pap testing in diverse populations from around the world, [50][51][52][53] although large-scale studies are lacking. CDKN2A staining correlates with neoplastic progression in cervical biopsies; CIN 1 lesions typically stain more weakly than high-grade lesions, and CDKN2A is usually undetectable in normal tissues.…”

“…Direct comparison of CDKN2A immunoreactivity and oncogenic HPV detection as predictors of high-grade cervical lesions and cancer suggests that CDKN2A improves specificity at the cost of decreased sensitivity, although some studies suggest that the sensitivity of the CDKN2A test can approach 80% to 90%. 51,52 Immunohistochemical biomarkers may be used to improve the efficacy of the Pap test, an approach that may demonstrate the most impact in areas of the world that have both the greatest burden of cervical disease and the fewest resources and trained personnel to implement routine standard Pap testing. For example, Mukherjee et al 54 tested the performance of initial screening of Pap test smears with immunohistochemistry for minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM)-2 and -5 versus standard cytology screening in Bangalore, India.…”

p16/ki‐67 dual‐stain cytology in the triage of ASCUS and LSIL Papanicolaou cytology

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In the majority of the studies, p16 cytology was found to provide sensitivity rates for the detection of underlying high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN of grade 2 or higher, CIN2þ), which were similar or slightly lower compared with the sensitivity of testing for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. 7,9,10,11 At the same time, specificity of p16 cytology-based testing was found to be substantially higher than the specificity of HPV testing in all studies.…”

Efficacy evaluation of a test CINtec® p16INK4a in screening for cervical HPV infection

“…The same was occurring for AS-CUS, indeed a strategy that was foreseeing the HPV test was more sensitive in detecting serious cervical lesions, but the specificity was much lower [11].…”