Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Index and Some Biochemical Parameters in Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea

Abstract

Diarrhea, which is one of the most important problems of cattle breeding in the world, is most common in calves in the neonatal period [1]. The neonatal period is used to define the 28 days following birth and is the period in which the most intense diseases and deaths occur in calves. Diseases occurring in calves during this period cause significant economic losses. These economic losses are the cost of treatment, loss of yield, and decrease in potential breeding stock, as well as newborn calf deaths [2][3][4]. It is known that many factors and factors play a role in the etiology of neonatal calf diarrhea. The most important of these are negative environmental factors, maternal reasons, unsuitable care/feeding conditions, and the calf's inability to receive colostrum. In addition, the main parasitic, viral, fungal, and bacterial agents among infectious agents constitute the source of neonatal diarrhea [5][6][7][8].Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the number of antioxidants and reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species in a biological system. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are byproducts of various cellular processes, including aerobic metabolism. For example, nitric oxide (NO•), which is an RNS, is produced from 1-arginine by nitric oxide synthase and then reacts with superoxide (O2•-) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-) [9-12]. These reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS), that is, hydroxyl, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and nitrosyl anion molecules, are highly reactive due to their unpaired valence electrons [10]. Normally, RONS have involved in cell signaling (redox signaling) pathways, thiol switches, regulation of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, etc. They have important biological roles in many cellular events such as [13].

Supplementation of essential nutrients, selenium, iron and vitamin E for suckling calves under immunological challenge

“…As there was no difference among treatments for food consumption, another approach in addition to nutritional for these biochemical and hematological changes in the blood is the fact that control and SeVitE calves presented higher incidence of diarrhea. Biochemical parameters were evaluated in neonatal calves with diarrhea and reported higher urea and creatinine concentrations in animals with diarrhea compared to healthy ones, being considered because of dehydration 41,42 .…”

Changes in Hematology, Some Clinical Biochemical Parameters and Mineral Levels in Neonatal Calves with Sepsis due to Diarrhea

“…Neonatal calf diseases can be caused by a single factor, or they can occur in a mixed form as a result of the combination of many factors (Erkılıç et al 2019;Akyüz 2020). Viral, bacterial, and protozoal factors are the most important agents in neonatal calves (Ok et al 2009;Lorenz et al 2011;Akyüz and Gökce 2021;Akyüz and Kükürt 2021). Although these agents are orally transmitte, contamination with non-hygienic can also occur in the omphalogen or aerogenous way (Trefz et al 2013).…”