Evaluation of overspraying as an alternative to seed treatment for application of Flight Control® bird repellent to newly planted rice

Review of anthraquinone applications for pest management and agricultural crop protection

“…55 Anthraquinone residues on treated rice seedlings from the field trial ranged from 72 to 131 mg AQ kg −1 and from 274 to 467 mg AQ kg −1 at 1 h post-spray and were thus insufficient for avian repellency. 55 A field trial conducted in Louisiana using 18.7 L ha −1 of a formulated AQ product (50% AQ) aerially applied on a 4 ha ripening rice field decreased bird activity in the treated plot by 80% in the first 24 h and resulted in complete blackbird abandonment after day 2. Anthraquinone residues on rice panicles averaged 337 mg AQ kg −1 upon application and declined to 209 mg AQ kg −1 14 days post-treatment.…”

“…Presoaked rice seed that was hand sprayed post‐planting with greater than 18.6 L ha −1 of a formulated AQ product (50% AQ) repelled red‐winged blackbirds from small test plots (300 m 2 ). However, a field test of this method utilizing two 5 ha fields aerially water seeded with rice was not successful at 9.3 and 18.6 L ha −1 of an aerially applied formulated AQ product . Anthraquinone residues on treated rice seedlings from the field trial ranged from 72 to 131 mg AQ kg −1 and from 274 to 467 mg AQ kg −1 at 1 h post‐spray and were thus insufficient for avian repellency .…”

“…However, a field test of this method utilizing two 5 ha fields aerially water seeded with rice was not successful at 9.3 and 18.6 L ha −1 of an aerially applied formulated AQ product . Anthraquinone residues on treated rice seedlings from the field trial ranged from 72 to 131 mg AQ kg −1 and from 274 to 467 mg AQ kg −1 at 1 h post‐spray and were thus insufficient for avian repellency . A field trial conducted in Louisiana using 18.7 L ha −1 of a formulated AQ product (50% AQ) aerially applied on a 4 ha ripening rice field decreased bird activity in the treated plot by 80% in the first 24 h and resulted in complete blackbird abandonment after day 2.…”

Synergistic effect of an ultraviolet feeding cue for an avian repellent and protection of agricultural crops

“…Blackbird repellency was not observed within 2-5 ha rice fields aerially sprayed with 9.3 or 18.6 L Flight Control ® /ha (active ingredient [a.i.] 50% 9,10-anthraquinone, Arkion ® Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA; Avery et al, 2000a) or within 0.33-0.4 ha rice fields aerially sprayed with 18.3 or 54.9 L Flight Control ® ha −1 (Avery et al, 2000b). Anthraquinone residues among these treated rice plots ranged from approximately 175-475 ppm anthraquinone (Avery et al, 2000a) and 275-1000 ppm anthraquinone (Avery et al, 2000b) on the day subsequent to the repellent application.…”

“…50% 9,10-anthraquinone, Arkion ® Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA; Avery et al, 2000a) or within 0.33-0.4 ha rice fields aerially sprayed with 18.3 or 54.9 L Flight Control ® ha −1 (Avery et al, 2000b). Anthraquinone residues among these treated rice plots ranged from approximately 175-475 ppm anthraquinone (Avery et al, 2000a) and 275-1000 ppm anthraquinone (Avery et al, 2000b) on the day subsequent to the repellent application. Thus, blackbird repellency under field applications was limited by repellent concentrations realized from previous field applications on agricultural crops (i.e., >1000 ppm anthraquinone).…”