Evaluation of Outpatient Antibiotic Use in Beijing General Hospitals in 2015

Abstract

Background:Medical misuse of antibiotics is associated with the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance, resulting in a lack of effective drugs and increased health-care cost. Nevertheless, inappropriate antibiotic use in China remains common and the situation requires urgent improvement. Here, we analyzed the prescriptions of antibiotics and evaluated the rationality of antibiotic use among outpatients in Beijing general hospitals during 2015.Methods:We collected basic medical insurance claim data from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 in 507 general hospitals of Beijing. A descriptive analysis of outpatient antibiotic prescribing was performed. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification/defined daily doses system was used to evaluate the rationality of antibiotic use.Results:Over the study, an estimated 721,930, 613,520, and 822,480 antibiotics were dispensed in primary, secondary, and tertiary general hospitals corresponding to 5.09%, 5.06%, and 2.53% of all prescriptions, respectively. Antibiotic combinations represented 2.95%, 7.74%, and 10.18% of the total antibiotic prescriptions, respectively. Expenditure for the top twenty antibiotics in primary, secondary, and tertiary general hospitals was RMB 42.92, 65.89, and 83.26 million Yuan, respectively. Cephalosporins were the most frequently prescribed class of antibiotic in clinical practice. The antibiotics used inappropriately included azithromycin enteric-coated capsules, compound cefaclor tablets and nifuratel nysfungin vaginal soft capsules in primary hospitals, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium dispersible tablets (7:1) and cefonicid sodium for injection in secondary hospitals, cefminox sodium for injection and amoxicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium for injection in tertiary hospitals.Conclusions:Antibiotic use in Beijing general hospitals is generally low; however, inappropriate antibiotic use still exists. Inappropriately used antibiotics should be subject to rigorous control and management, and public policy initiatives are required to promote the judicious use of antibiotics.

Amanita tullossiana, a new species, and two new records of Amanita section Lepidella from north-western Himalaya, India

“…1). However, the habit and size of the basidiomata and basidiospores of the Indian collections match well with those characters in the descriptions of A.virgineoides provided by Bas (1969) and Yang (1997, 2015). Therefore, the Indian collection (RET 717-9) is being treated here as A.virgineoides – a new record for India.…”

Are There Striking Differences in Outpatient Use of Antibiotics Between South Backa District, Serbia, and Some Scandinavian Countries?

“…The reason of this high consumpion of cefaclor could be the historical consumption habits of inhabitants; it has been one of the most popular antibiotic in Serbia for years ( 5 , 22 ). In addition, the third generation of cephalosporins are expensive drugs with a very broad antibacterial spectrum, that is why their irrational use contributes not only to the development of antibacterial resistance but also represents a significant impose significant financial burden on health expenses ( 26 – 28 ). In addition, this innapropriate use of the third generation for parenteral use presented by ceftriaxone in our study could be explained by its good pharmacokinetic properties such as once-daily administration, which is convinient for patients.…”

Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance against Enterobacteriaceae Strains Isolated from Blood

“…For example, leaflets, posters, and educational courses are needed to emphasize the urgency and seriousness of reducing AMR. Second, antimicrobial prescriptions must be optimized;[ 25 ] the use, misuse, and overuse of antibiotics are major determinants of AMR,[ 24 ] and promoting rational prescribing and proper use of existing antibiotics will be important. Third, governments should implement regulations to contain AMR, such as bans on the use of antibiotic growth promoters in livestock and agriculture.…”