“…In our hypothesis, the band disappearance was contributed by the degradation of specific components in OPEFB structure or the transformation of (a) (b) some functional group to become more stable substances such as humic acid (Amir et al 2010). The bands located at 2916 cm -1 and 2845 cm -1 were referred to as the hydrogen vibrations of C-H group of aliphatic methylene group (Bernabé et al 2011) and were expected to be coming from the degradation of hemicellulose. Hemicellulose is usually more easily degraded by microbes because the structures are made of weak matrix polysaccharides, they are amorphous, and the structures mainly contain monomer sugar (Bledzki and Gassan 1999).…”
Section: X-ray Diffraction Analysismentioning
confidence: 83%
“…A comparison of residual weight ratios shows the decomposition process occurs in one-step increments. According Bernabé et al (2011), the increase in the residue could be attributed to the mineralization process that occurs throughout the treatment.…”
Changes in the lignocellulosic structure of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) during composting treatment using an in-vessel composter was investigated in this work. The composting process was completed within 40 days of treatment, and the final C/N ratio achieved was 13.85. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the structure of OPEFB material was severely degraded, especially during the thermophilic phase where the biodegradation process was most active. Close examination of the physicochemical and thermal analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) showed that the crystallinity size of the OPEFB structure decreased. This result was attributed to the removal of silica bodies from OPEFB materials. Also, the functional groups of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin structures had changed throughout the composting period, and the most extensive degradation of cellulose was detected in the thermophilic phase. It was also found that the exothermic peak of the matured compost reduced most significantly compared to the raw OPEFB. In conclusion, the in-vessel composting system was able to enhance the degradation process of OPEFB materials for producing compost.
“…In our hypothesis, the band disappearance was contributed by the degradation of specific components in OPEFB structure or the transformation of (a) (b) some functional group to become more stable substances such as humic acid (Amir et al 2010). The bands located at 2916 cm -1 and 2845 cm -1 were referred to as the hydrogen vibrations of C-H group of aliphatic methylene group (Bernabé et al 2011) and were expected to be coming from the degradation of hemicellulose. Hemicellulose is usually more easily degraded by microbes because the structures are made of weak matrix polysaccharides, they are amorphous, and the structures mainly contain monomer sugar (Bledzki and Gassan 1999).…”
Section: X-ray Diffraction Analysismentioning
confidence: 83%
“…A comparison of residual weight ratios shows the decomposition process occurs in one-step increments. According Bernabé et al (2011), the increase in the residue could be attributed to the mineralization process that occurs throughout the treatment.…”
Changes in the lignocellulosic structure of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) during composting treatment using an in-vessel composter was investigated in this work. The composting process was completed within 40 days of treatment, and the final C/N ratio achieved was 13.85. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the structure of OPEFB material was severely degraded, especially during the thermophilic phase where the biodegradation process was most active. Close examination of the physicochemical and thermal analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) showed that the crystallinity size of the OPEFB structure decreased. This result was attributed to the removal of silica bodies from OPEFB materials. Also, the functional groups of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin structures had changed throughout the composting period, and the most extensive degradation of cellulose was detected in the thermophilic phase. It was also found that the exothermic peak of the matured compost reduced most significantly compared to the raw OPEFB. In conclusion, the in-vessel composting system was able to enhance the degradation process of OPEFB materials for producing compost.
“…The second and third stages are attributed to lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose decomposition, which have similar stabilities. According to literature, hemicellulose decomposes first, followed by lignin and cellulose, and there is not a certain region for the event of breakdown of these fractions [ 54 , 55 ]. Fig.…”
BackgroundEthanol production from sugarcane bagasse requires a pretreatment step to disrupt the cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin complex and to increase biomass digestibility, thus allowing the obtaining of high yields of fermentable sugars for the subsequent fermentation. Hydrothermal and lime pretreatments have emerged as effective methods in preparing the lignocellulosic biomass for bioconversion. These pretreatments are advantageous because they can be performed under mild temperature and pressure conditions, resulting in less sugar degradation compared with other pretreatments, and also are cost-effective and environmentally sustainable. In this study, we evaluated the effect of these pretreatments on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of raw sugarcane bagasse obtained directly from mill without prior screening. In addition, we evaluated the structure and composition modifications of this bagasse after lime and hydrothermal pretreatments.ResultsThe highest cellulose hydrolysis rate (70 % digestion) was obtained for raw sugarcane bagasse pretreated with lime [0.1 g Ca(OH)2/g raw] for 60 min at 120 °C compared with hydrothermally pretreated bagasse (21 % digestion) under the same time and temperature conditions. Chemical composition analyses showed that the lime pretreatment of bagasse promoted high solubilization of lignin (30 %) and hemicellulose (5 %) accompanied by a cellulose accumulation (11 %). Analysis of pretreated bagasse structure revealed that lime pretreatment caused considerable damage to the bagasse fibers, including rupture of the cell wall, exposing the cellulose-rich areas to enzymatic action.ConclusionWe showed that lime pretreatment is effective in improving enzymatic digestibility of raw sugarcane bagasse, even at low lime loading and over a short pretreatment period. It was also demonstrated that this pretreatment caused alterations in the structure and composition of raw bagasse, which had a pronounced effect on the enzymes accessibility to the substrate, resulting in an increase of cellulose hydrolysis rate. These results indicate that the use of raw sugarcane bagasse (without prior screening) pretreated with lime (cheaper and environmentally friendly reagent) may represent a cost reduction in the cellulosic ethanol production.
“…The absorption bands located at 2912 cm −1 and 2834 cm −1 are assigned to the stretching hydrogen vibrations of C-H group [31,32]. The peak observed at 1718 cm −1 can be attributed to the C=O stretching in the acetyl and uronic ester groups of hemicelluloses and the pcoumaric units of the lignin [33].…”
Fibres from different parts of empty fruit bunch, which is a major solid waste from oil palm processing, were subjected to different pretreatments and characterised for variability in length and diameter, mechanical performance, and proximate and trace element composition. Morphology and surface composition of the fibres were determined using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray. The fibres were further treated with KOH-boric acid and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Fibre yield was higher for spikelet than stalk. Fibres from stalk were generally larger in diameter and showed significant differences in potassium and galacturonic acid content, strength, and rigidity. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the widespread occurrence of silica bodies as well as significant differences in the microstructure of stalk and spikelet fibres. Stalk fibres showed a greater level of porosity than spikelet fibres in the section perpendicular to the major axis. The morphology of KOH-boric acid treated fibres suggested higher recalcitrance of spikelet fibres. The significant differences between fibres from stalk and spikelet suggest that EFB, used as feedstock for biobased industries, requires more systematic characterization and separation into stalk and spikelet, which may lead to a more judicious exploitation of this valuable waste.
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