Evaluation of Organic Environmental Pollutants Detected in Human Milk

Kishikawa, Naoya; Kuroda, Naotaka

doi:10.1248/jhs.55.1

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Levels detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in amniotic fluid were in a similar range (126). Bisphenol A is also present in human milk at low μg/L levels (62,105) and further has been detected in human colostrums with a mean concentration of 0.46 μg/L (67). In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assessed the body burden of BPA in a reference population of 394 American adults (14).…”

Section: Bisphenol Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastics and Health Risks

Halden

2010

Annu. Rev. Public Health

669

343

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By 2010, the worldwide annual production of plastics will surpass 300 million tons. Plastics are indispensable materials in modern society, and many products manufactured from plastics are a boon to public health (e.g., disposable syringes, intravenous bags). However, plastics also pose health risks. Of principal concern are endocrinedisrupting properties, as triggered for example by bisphenol A and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Opinions on the safety of plastics vary widely, and despite more than five decades of research, scientific consensus on product safety is still elusive. This literature review summarizes information from more than 120 peer-reviewed publications on health effects of plastics and plasticizers in lab animals and humans. It examines problematic exposures of susceptible populations and also briefly summarizes adverse environmental impacts from plastic pollution. Ongoing efforts to steer human society toward resource conservation and sustainable consumption are discussed, including the concept of the 5 Rs-i.e., reduce, reuse, recycle, rethink, restrain-for minimizing preand postnatal exposures to potentially harmful components of plastics. BRIEF HISTORY OF PLASTICSPlastics are ubiquitous in modern life. Early uses date back to 1600 b.c. when natural rubber was shaped by human hands and polymerized into objects of utility in prehistoric mesoamerica (46). The exploitation of plastics was jumpstarted in 1839 with the discovery of vulcanized rubber and polystyrene (PS) (3). The first truly synthetic polymer, Bakelite, was produced in Belgium in 1907 (110). Mass production of plastics began in the 1940s and has continued to expand ever since. There are now 20 different groups of plastics, whose worldwide Plastics can be divided into two major categories: thermosets and thermoplastics. A thermoset is a polymer that solidifies or "sets" irreversibly when heated. They are useful for their durability and strength, and are therefore used primarily in automobiles and construction applications. Other uses are adhesives, inks, and coatings. PLASTICS/POLYMERSA thermoplastic is a polymer in which the molecules are held together by weak bonds, creating plastics that soften when exposed to heat and return to original condition at room temperature. Thermoplastics can easily be shaped and molded into products such as milk jugs, floor coverings, credit cards, and carpet fibers.Plastic resins are processed in several ways, including extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and rotational molding. All of these processes involve using heat and/or pressure to form plastic resin into useful products, such as containers or plastic film. (Reproduced from U.S. EPA, http://www.epa.gov/waste/ conserve/materials/plastics.htm) (113) usage was on the order of 245 million tons for the year 2006 (6). Annual world production will likely have surpassed the 300-million-ton mark by the time this article appears in print. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's definition of plastics and polymers is shown in ...

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Section: Bisphenol Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastics and Health Risks

Halden

2010

Annu. Rev. Public Health

669

343

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“…[51][52][53] Mean concentrations in breast milk from different countries were summarised by several authors. [54][55][56] Highest PFOS concentrations (medians) were found in breast milk from Hungary with ,330 ng L À1 (n ¼ 13; 1996-97) [57] followed by Japan with 196 ng L À1 (n ¼ 24; 1999), [54] Sweden with 166 ng L À1 (n ¼ 12; 2004), [51] Germany with 119 ng L À1 (n ¼ 57; 2006), [57] Malaysia with 111 ng L À1 (n ¼ 13; 2003), [54] USA with 106 ng L À1 (n ¼ 43; 2004), [52] Philippines with 104 ng L À1 (n ¼ 24; 2002-04), [54] China with 100 ng L À1 (n ¼ 19; 2004), [58] whereas the PFOS concentrations in breast milk from Indonesia (n ¼ 20; 2001), Vietnam (n ¼ 40; 2000-01), Cambodia (n ¼ 24; 2002) and India (n ¼ 39; 2002-05) were below 100 ng L À1 . [54] It is noticeable that the high PFOS values in milk from Hungary and Japan were found in samples taken before 2000, whereas the lower values were related to samples taken after 2000.…”

Section: Levels and Trends In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in marine biota and in humans

Sturm

Ahrens

2010

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds are used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications, including polymer production and for surface treatment of textiles and paper. Research over the last 10 years has shown that these compounds are ubiquitous environmental contaminants -they are extremely persistent, show toxic effects and accumulate in the food chain. We evaluate global, temporal and spatial trends of these important emerging contaminants.Abstract. This review gives an overview of existing knowledge of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in humans and in marine biota. Temporal trends and spatial distribution of PFCs were globally compared in humans, marine mammals, seabirds and fish. In general, PFC concentrations in the environment have increased significantly from the beginning of the production up to the 1990s. After the phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (POSF) production starting in 2000, PFC concentrations in humans generally decreased. In marine biota no clear temporal trends were observed. The temporal trends depended on the species, their trophic levels and the geographical locations. PFC patterns in humans and in marine wildlife species were compared regarding perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), their shorter and longer chain homologues (C 4 -C 15 ) and precursor compounds. Finally knowledge gaps were identified and recommendations for future work were presented.

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“…PAHs are excreted with urine and feces as hydroxylated metabolites or transferred to milk owing to their lipophilicity (Kishikawa & Kuroda, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%