Abstract:Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a widely used laser spectroscopic technique in various fields, such as material science, forensic science, biological science, and the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. In most LIBS work, the analysis is performed using radiative transitions from atomic emissions. In this study, the plasma temperature and the product [Formula: see text] (the number density N and the absorption path length [Formula: see text]) were determined to evaluate the optical depths an… Show more
“…A 1024 × 1024 intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector was used for data acquisition. 7,11,20 Figure 1.The experimental setup used for LIBS. BD, beam dump; DM, dichroic mirror; PC, personal computer.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A 1024 Â 1024 intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector was used for data acquisition. 7,11,20 A synchronization controller system, which is a programmable time controller, was used to control the gate delay time and gate width time; it is triggered by a pulse from the laser Q-switch to synchronize data acquisition. The spectra were recorded and processed using Andor iStar software (version 4.29).…”
“…This thin layer of sample ($ 8-10 mg) on the glass slide was used for LIBS measurements. 20 For optimization, the LIBS signals were recorded with different gate time delays (0.5, 1, 2 ms) with a fixed gate width of 5 ms and the laser energy was 83 mJ. The optimum gate time delay was found to be 2 ms with a gate width at 5 ms, yielding the highest S/N ratio.…”
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was used to compare various types of commercial milk products. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra were investigated for the determination of the elemental composition of soy and rice milk powder, dairy milk, and lactose-free dairy milk. The analysis was performed using radiative transitions. Atomic emissions from Ca, K, Na, and Mg lines observed in LIBS spectra of dairy milk were compared. In addition, proteins and fat level in milks can be determined using molecular emissions such as CN bands. Ca concentrations were calculated to be 2.165 ± 0.203 g/L in 1% of dairy milk fat samples and 2.809 ± 0.172 g/L in 2% of dairy milk fat samples using the standard addition method (SAM) with LIBS spectra. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis methods showed that the contents of major mineral elements were higher in lactose-free dairy milk than those in dairy milk. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to discriminate four milk samples depending on their mineral elements concentration. In addition, proteins and fat level in dairy milks were determined using molecular emissions such as CN band. We applied partial least squares regression (PLSR) and simple linear regression (SLR) models to predict levels of milk fat in dairy milk samples. The PLSR model was successfully used to predict levels of milk fat in dairy milk sample with the relative accuracy (RA%) less than 6.62% using CN (0,0) band.
“…A 1024 × 1024 intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector was used for data acquisition. 7,11,20 Figure 1.The experimental setup used for LIBS. BD, beam dump; DM, dichroic mirror; PC, personal computer.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A 1024 Â 1024 intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector was used for data acquisition. 7,11,20 A synchronization controller system, which is a programmable time controller, was used to control the gate delay time and gate width time; it is triggered by a pulse from the laser Q-switch to synchronize data acquisition. The spectra were recorded and processed using Andor iStar software (version 4.29).…”
“…This thin layer of sample ($ 8-10 mg) on the glass slide was used for LIBS measurements. 20 For optimization, the LIBS signals were recorded with different gate time delays (0.5, 1, 2 ms) with a fixed gate width of 5 ms and the laser energy was 83 mJ. The optimum gate time delay was found to be 2 ms with a gate width at 5 ms, yielding the highest S/N ratio.…”
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was used to compare various types of commercial milk products. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra were investigated for the determination of the elemental composition of soy and rice milk powder, dairy milk, and lactose-free dairy milk. The analysis was performed using radiative transitions. Atomic emissions from Ca, K, Na, and Mg lines observed in LIBS spectra of dairy milk were compared. In addition, proteins and fat level in milks can be determined using molecular emissions such as CN bands. Ca concentrations were calculated to be 2.165 ± 0.203 g/L in 1% of dairy milk fat samples and 2.809 ± 0.172 g/L in 2% of dairy milk fat samples using the standard addition method (SAM) with LIBS spectra. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis methods showed that the contents of major mineral elements were higher in lactose-free dairy milk than those in dairy milk. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to discriminate four milk samples depending on their mineral elements concentration. In addition, proteins and fat level in dairy milks were determined using molecular emissions such as CN band. We applied partial least squares regression (PLSR) and simple linear regression (SLR) models to predict levels of milk fat in dairy milk samples. The PLSR model was successfully used to predict levels of milk fat in dairy milk sample with the relative accuracy (RA%) less than 6.62% using CN (0,0) band.
“…In recent decades, considerable attempts have been made to handle this self-absorption effect. [18][19][20] To overwhelm this problem, Sun and Yu coined an intensity correction method known as the internal reference self-absorption correction (IRSAC) method. 21 After intensity correction using the selfabsorption coefficient, we redrew the Boltzmann plot.…”
The qualitative and quantitative analysis of doped nanomaterial containing iron (Fe) and tin (Sn) nanoparticles was investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Doped nanoparticles were prepared via co-precipitation and hydrothermal processes. The emission spectra of ablated plasma of doped material revealed the existence of different species in the doped nanomaterial. Simple calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS) and internal reference self-absorption correction (IRSAC) CF-LIBS approaches were applied to emission spectra of nanomaterial for quantitative analysis. For both approaches, different spectroscopic parameters such as plasma temperature and electron number density were also determined. Plasma temperature was estimated using a Boltzmann plot and Saha-Boltzmann plot while electron number density was estimated by Stark broadening methods and Saha-Boltzmann equations. Results of both calibration-free approaches were compared with a weight percentage method and other recognized techniques such as laser ablation time of flight (LA-TOF) spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). We concluded that our results provide good agreement with experimental data obtained using LA-TOF spectroscopy and a small deviation from data obtained using the EDX technique. The current work confirms LIBS as a valid analytical approach for quantitative analysis of nanomaterials.
“…Alfarraj et al. 21 used the plasma temperature and the product Nl (the number density N and the absorption path length l ) to evaluated the optical depths and the self-absorption of Sr and Al lines by the COG method and compare the results under different experimental conditions (gate delay time, gate width time, and laser energy). This method can help develop calibration model for samples with high species concentrations.…”
The quantitative analysis accuracy of calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) is severely affected by the self-absorption effect and estimation of plasma temperature. Herein, a CF-LIBS quantitative analysis method based on the auto-selection of internal reference line and the optimized estimation of plasma temperature is proposed. The internal reference line of each species is automatically selected from analytical lines by a programmable procedure through easily accessible parameters. Furthermore, the self-absorption effect of the internal reference line is considered during the correction procedure. To improve the analysis accuracy of CF-LIBS, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is introduced to estimate the plasma temperature based on the calculation results from the Boltzmann plot. Thereafter, the species concentrations of a sample can be calculated according to the classical CF-LIBS method. A total of 15 certified alloy steel standard samples of known compositions and elemental weight percentages were used in the experiment. Using the proposed method, the average relative errors of Cr, Ni, and Fe calculated concentrations were 4.40%, 6.81%, and 2.29%, respectively. The quantitative results demonstrated an improvement compared with the classical CF-LIBS method and the promising potential of in situ and real-time application.
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