Evaluation of Ophthalmoscopic Changes of Hypertension and Arteriolar Sclerosis

Do angiographic data support a detailed classification of hypertensive fundus changes?

“…[24][25][26][27] Even though we found a decrease of capillary den- Based on the ophthalmoscopically visible alterations, several classifications of hypertensive fundus changes have been proposed. [28][29][30] In clinical routine, the widespread classification of Keith and Wagener 31 has been a standard for grading fundus changes in patients with arterial hypertension for more than 60 years. Similar to the Neubauer classification used in this study, Keith and Wagener distinguish between four stages of hypertensive retinopathy.…”

The relation of systemic hypertension to changes in the retinal vasculature: the beaver dam eye study

“…"",2 A private census of the population of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, was performed from September 15,1987, to May 4, 1988, to identify all residents in the city or township of Beaver Dam who were 43 to 84 years of age. Of the 5,924 eligible individuals, 4,926 participated in the baseline examination between March 1, 1988, and September 14,1990. Ninety-nine percent of the population was white.…”

Age-Related Decrease of the Retinal Vasculature Area Identified with a Novel Computer-Aided Analysis System

“…Retinal microvascular abnormalities such as generalized and focal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking, and retinopathy (changes in the light reflex of the arteriole, microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and hard exudates) have been classified and investigated (Wagener et al 1947;Scheie 1953;Leishman 1957;Stokoe and Turner 1966;Klein et al 1993;Yu et al 1998). These abnormalities are important clinical markers of hypertension and arteriosclerosis.…”