Evaluation of Nicotine and the Components of e-Liquids Generated from e-Cigarette Aerosols

Peace, Michelle R.; Mulder, Haley A; Baird, Tyson R; Butler, Karen E; Friedrich, Alaina K; Stone, Joseph W.; Turner, Joseph B. McGee; Poklis, Alphonse; Poklis, Justin L.

doi:10.1093/jat/bky056

Cited by 44 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Clastogen (-S9) Vape Well Cheery (Peace et al, 2018) Present in e-liquid (Omaiye et al, 2019); Grape [Taste E-Liquid] (Tierney, Karpinski, Brown, Luo, & Pankow, 2016); Vape Well Cheery (Peace et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Continues) Clastogen (-S9) Present (Peace et al, 2018) Vanilla (Eddingsaas et al, 2018;Gerloff et al, 2017) Present in e-liquid (Hutzler et al, 2014;Omaiye et al, 2019); Vanilla (Eddingsaas et al, 2018;Gerloff et al, 2017); Fruit, Menthol-mint, Nonalcoholic drinks, Alcohol, Desserts sweets, others (Girvalaki et al, 2018) Clastogen (-S9) STL Vapor Spearmint (Peace et al, 2018) Present in e-liquid (Hutzler et al, 2014;Omaiye et al, 2019) (Hutzler et al, 2014); Gummy, Xmas Cake (TCORS E- Clastogen (+S9) Present (Hutzler et al, 2014;Klager et al, 2017;Margham et al, 2016) Java Jolt, Vivid Vanilla, Vanilla beam, Pina Colada, Magnificent Menthol, Cherry Crush, etc. (Klager et al, 2017) (Continues)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro and in silico genetic toxicity screening of flavor compounds and other ingredients in tobacco products with emphasis on ENDS

Hung

Savidge

et al. 2020

J of Applied Toxicology

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Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are regulated tobacco products and often contain flavor compounds. Given the concern of increased use and the appeal of ENDS by young people, evaluating the potential of flavors to induce DNA damage is important for health hazard identification. In this study, alternative methods were used as prioritization tools to study the genotoxic mode of action (MoA) of 150 flavor compounds. In particular, clastogen-sensitive (γH2AX and p53) and aneugensensitive (p-H3 and polyploidy) biomarkers of DNA damage in human TK6 cells were aggregated through a supervised three-pronged ensemble machine learning prediction model to prioritize chemicals based on genotoxicity. In addition, in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were used to predict genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential. The in vitro assay identified 25 flavors as positive for genotoxicity: 15 clastogenic, eight aneugenic and two with a mixed MoA (clastogenic and aneugenic). Twenty-three of these 25 flavors predicted to induce DNA damage in vitro are documented in public literature to be in e-liquid or in the aerosols produced by ENDS products with youth-appealing flavors and names. QSAR models predicted 46 (31%) of 150 compounds having at least one positive call for mutagenicity, clastogenicity or rodent carcinogenicity, 49 (33%) compounds were predicted negative for all three endpoints, and remaining compounds had no prediction call. The parallel use of these predictive technologies to elucidate MoAs for potential genetic damage, hold utility as a screening strategy. This study is the first high-content and high-throughput genotoxicity screening study with an emphasis on flavors in ENDS products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in silico genetic toxicity screening of flavor compounds and other ingredients in tobacco products with emphasis on ENDS

Hung

Savidge

et al. 2020

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…With the evolution of e-cigarettes into the third and fourth generations as well as the growing prevalence of their use, there has understandably been increasing concern on their health effects [4][5][6]. This concern is based particularly on inconsistencies between the actual content and labelling of ingredients of the liquids and emissions, the inadequate quality control on safety and contents of the liquids used, as well as an absence of internationally certified manufacturing sites [7].…”

Section: Review Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Health effects of electronic cigarette (e‑cigarette) use on organ systems and its implications for public health

Seiler-Ramadas

Sandner

Haider

et al. 2020

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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Background There has been growing concern over the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in recent years. Although advocated as an aid to smoking cessation, there is increasing evidence of harm not just to the respiratory system, but to all other organs in the body. To give a clearer picture on how e-cigarettes can affect our health, we gathered an overview of the literature on the various health effects of e-cigarettes and categorized them into how they specifically affect organ systems. E-cigarette exposure has produced a range of stress and inflammatory reactions in the pulmonary system, including shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, bronchial and pulmonary irritations, and impaired pulmonary function. In the oral and gastrointestinal system, gingival inflammation, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have been reported. Increased tachycardia and blood pressure were reported reactions in the cardiovascular system. In the neurological system headaches, irritability, anxiety, depen

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“…The scientific committee on food safety evaluated estragole to be genotoxic and carcinogenic and therefore proposed a reduction in exposure (Scientific Commitee on Food, ). Peace et al observed estragol in the aerosol of an e‐liquid sample (Peace et al, ). Similar aroma compounds such as methyl eugenol (Scientific Commitee on Food, ) and safrole (Scientific Commitee on Food, ) were also evaluated to be carcinogenic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of selected aroma compounds in e‐cigarette products and toxicity evaluation in HUVEC/Tert2 cells

Noël

Rainer

Gstir

et al. 2020

Biomedical Chromatography

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During recent years, the number of consumers using so‐called e‐cigarettes, which are electrical devices to aerosolize a liquid consisting of propylene glycol, glycerol, optional nicotine and flavoring chemicals, has been increasing. Aromas vary from common flavors such as mint to more unusual flavors such as buttermilk or pepperoni pizza. Consumers today can buy e‐concentrates that consist of propylene glycol and aroma to blend their own desired flavor at home. Little is known about the composition and concentration of various aroma molecules in the different e‐liquids and e‐concentrates. In addition, the process of EU‐wide regulation is still ongoing. The aim of this research study was to identify and quantify possible undesirable aroma compounds in e‐liquids and e‐concentrates. Flavoring chemicals such as estragole, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde were quantified. The measurements were carried out on a GC–MS system. The results show the presence of highly concentrated flavoring compounds and limonene oxide in lemon‐flavored e‐concentrates. In the final step, samples and single‐aroma standards were tested for their toxicity to HUVEC/Tert2 cells, where some single‐flavoring chemicals such as cinnamic aldehyde revealed significant toxic effects.

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Evaluation of Nicotine and the Components of e-Liquids Generated from e-Cigarette Aerosols

Cited by 44 publications

References 22 publications

In vitro and in silico genetic toxicity screening of flavor compounds and other ingredients in tobacco products with emphasis on ENDS

In vitro and in silico genetic toxicity screening of flavor compounds and other ingredients in tobacco products with emphasis on ENDS

Health effects of electronic cigarette (e‑cigarette) use on organ systems and its implications for public health

Quantification of selected aroma compounds in e‐cigarette products and toxicity evaluation in HUVEC/Tert2 cells

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