“…Dynamic fracture and fragmentation are phenomena that display attributes of nonlinearity, irreversibility, and non-determinism [19]. Dynamic fracture is distinguished from static fracture, which occurs at low strain rates, by its involvement in intricate phenomena encompassing stress wave propagation, the initiation and expansion of cracks, material degradation and failure, and temperature influences [20,21]. The performance and reliability of various engineering structures and components, including aircraft, vehicles, bridges, pipelines, and armor, can be significantly impacted by dynamic fracture [22].…”