Evaluation of military field-water quality: Volume 4, Health criteria and recommendations for standards: Part 2, Interim standards for selected threat agents and risks from exceeding these standards

Daniels, J.I.; Anspaugh, L.R.; Layton, David

doi:10.2172/7027589

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…For example, Bruvold and Daniels (1990) [51] claimed that the higher is the amount of TDS, the poorer the taste. Daniels et al (1988) claimed that a high amount of TDS may lead consumers to refuse to drink water at all [52]. According to Kozisek (2004) [4], cations such as calcium, sodium, and potassium impact drinking water taste.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrient Effect on the Taste of Mineral Waters: Evidence from Europe

Hönig

Procházka

Obergruber

et al. 2020

Foods

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In this study, 15 selected bottled mineral waters from chosen European countries were tested for their mineral nutrient contents. In particular, six important nutrients (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, Cl−) were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The content of mineral nutrients in all sampled mineral waters were compared to their expected content based on the label. Consequently, their taste was evaluated by 60 trained panelists who participated in the sensory analysis. The results from both the atomic absorption spectroscopy and sensory analysis were analyzed using the regression framework. On the basis of the results from the regression analysis, we determined to what extent the individual mineral nutrients determined the taste of the mineral water. According to the regression results, four out of six analyzed nutrients had a measurable impact on taste. These findings can help producers to provide ideal, health-improving nutrients for mineral water buyers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Effect on the Taste of Mineral Waters: Evidence from Europe

Hönig

Procházka

Obergruber

et al. 2020

Foods

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“…In addition, we based our toxicological endpoint (i.e., LLNLderived reference dose) on elementary pharmacokinetic modelling of a biologically effective dose, which is related directly to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) depression in tissue and correlated with red-blood cell AChE depression. We selected a conservative, no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of only a 5% decrement in red blood cell AChE level based on human enzymatic variability for red blood cell AChE reported by Sidell and Kaminskis (1975), and consideration of safe AChE levels and decrements for worker populations summarized by Daniels (1990) and discussed by Popendorf (1992). Such a pharmacokinetic modelling approach provides a dose that is consistent with a presumed NOAEL (5% AChE decrement), but one that is different from the NOAEL or lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) determined directly and exclusively from empirical dose-response data (NRC 1999).…”

Section: Technical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature review revealed that physiologically based, pharmacokinetic models for OP compounds can be used to reasonably predict biologically effective dose under chronic exposure conditions (McNamara et al 1973;Daniels 1990;Popendorf 1992). A model by Popendorf (1992) makes it reasonable to assume that chronic exposure could be determined from subchronic data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How clean is clean enough? Recent developments in response to threats posed by chemical and biological warfare agents

Raber

Carlsen

Folks

et al. 2004

International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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Recent terrorist events underscore the urgent need to develop a comprehensive set of health-protective cleanup standards and effective decontamination technologies for use in the restoration of civilian facilities. Accurate scientific information remains limited in the area of biological warfare agents. However, new guidelines and calculated cleanup values are emerging for initial re-entry and long-term reoccupation following use of chemical warfare agents. This article addresses airborne, soil, and surface exposures following release of G-type chemical warfare agents and VX. Cleanup goals should be tailored to the type of population that may be exposed, potential exposure times, and other scenario-specific considerations. Three different airborne concentrations are proposed for cleanup of public sector facilities. One value is recommended for initial re-entry; a more conservative value is recommended for long-term monitoring and increased public confidence; and a third, even more conservative concentration represents essentially a no-effect level for round-the-clock airborne exposure. Health-based cleanup levels are provided for contaminated residential and industrial soil. Results are presented on the outcome of a preliminary risk assessment to determine safe surface levels (e.g., walls, floors, and handrails) for cleanup after exposure to the G agents and VX. Because specific cleanup criteria for most biological warfare agents remain problematic, recommendations are made for filling the knowledge gaps.

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“…Table 2 lists the replicating agents and biotoxins that are potential threats to potable water, and indicates which have been weaponized as reported by Burrows and Renner (1999). Table 3, which indicates potential threats to water supplies, has been prepared using multiple sources (Burrows and Renner 1999;CDC 2002;Daniels 1990;NRC 1995). In a recent weekly bulletin, the FBI cautioned that terrorists might use two naturally occurring chemicals, nicotine and solanine, to poison food or water supplies.…”

Section: Whatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Issues in Chemical and Biological Terrorism

Salem¹

2003

UITO

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This manuscript describes the overview presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology in 2002. Although it is recognized that weapons of mass destruction that can be used against our military and civilian populations include chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents, this overview is limited primarily to chemical and biological (CB) agents. The issues of CB terrorism are discussed in terms of When, What, How, and Who. The US Army has been providing chemical and biological solutions since 1917, and has since 1996 applied these solutions to homeland defense and domestic preparedness. The use of chemical and biological agents as terrorist weapons both in the United States and elsewhere in the world is reviewed. The CB threat spectrum is presented, as is the further categorization of biological threat agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition, the CB agents considered to be a potential threat to our water supply are also presented. These are agents that are water soluble, stable, and resistant to water treatment and/or disinfection. The overview concludes with the chronological accomplishments of ECBC since 1917.

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Evaluation of military field-water quality: Volume 4, Health criteria and recommendations for standards: Part 2, Interim standards for selected threat agents and risks from exceeding these standards

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Nutrient Effect on the Taste of Mineral Waters: Evidence from Europe

Nutrient Effect on the Taste of Mineral Waters: Evidence from Europe

How clean is clean enough? Recent developments in response to threats posed by chemical and biological warfare agents

Issues in Chemical and Biological Terrorism

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