Evaluation of metrics for benchmarking antimicrobial use in the UK dairy industry

Mills, Harriet L.; Turner, Andrea; Morgans, Lisa; Massey, Jonathan; Schubert, H.; Rees, Gwen; Barrett, David C; Dowsey, Andrew W.; Reyher, Kristen K

doi:10.1136/vr.104701

Cited by 52 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For example, the total volume of a drug used on a farm might be useful for a policymaker, whereas the number of ADD per cow per year may be more useful for a producer or a veterinarian. Moreover, as was elegantly demonstrated by Mills et al (2018), the use of different metrics can result in different rankings of use by farm. Given the current lack of a "gold standard" metric, it is our opinion that antimicrobial use data are best presented using a variety of metrics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of antibiotic use on dairy farms in Pennsylvania

Redding

Bender

Baker

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Antibiotic use data are critical for drawing conclusions about the epidemiological connections between antibiotic use in farms animals, antibiotic resistance, animal health, and human health. The goal of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize antibiotic use on dairy farms in Pennsylvania, the state with second largest number of dairy farms nationally. A survey was sent to 10% of the 6,580 dairy farms registered in Pennsylvania and completed by 235 producers (response rate of 36%). Data on antibiotic use in the previous month and in the previous 6 mo were collected based on farmer self-report, using either recall or treatment records. Two metrics were used to quantify antibiotic consumption: animal-defined daily doses (ADD) and days of therapy (DOT), a metric used in human medicine for purposes of antimicrobial stewardship. Across all farms, 24,444 ADD and 19,029 DOT were reported, representing treatment incidences of 4.2 ADD/1,000 animal-days and 3.3 DOT/1,000 animal-days. These rates were generally lower than those found in other states and countries. The main indication for antibiotic use was mastitis, and firstgeneration cephalosporins were the most commonly used class of antibiotic for all indications, followed by penicillins and third-generation cephalosporins. Trends in use were similar for ADD and DOT, but the numbers of recorded DOT and associated treatment incidences were generally lower than the number of ADD and associated treatment incidences. Rates of treatment were significantly associated with herd size. This study is the first to quantify antibiotic use on dairy farms in Pennsylvania and the first to use the DOT metric in a dairy setting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of antibiotic use on dairy farms in Pennsylvania

Redding

Bender

Baker

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…In the dairy sector, several studies were carried out in an attempt to compare metrics [3,4], quantify consumption [5][6][7], or investigate associations between AMU and management practices or farm performance [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Dairy Farming Systems Differ in Antimicrobial Use?

Zuliani

Lora

Brščić

et al. 2019

Animals

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The quantitative assessment of antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals contributes to the provision of essential information for developing relevant and effective policies to reduce use and to control antimicrobial resistance. Information on AMU is available mainly for intensive dairy farming systems and specialized high-yielding breeds. The aim of this study is to investigate AMU in different dairy farming systems by comparing the treatment incidence in mountain farms with specialized high-yield dairy breeds or with dual-purpose breeds raised for milk production to the treatment incidence in lowland farms with specialized high-yield dairy breeds or with dual-purpose breeds raised for milk production. Significant differences were found only between the overall treatment incidence, as well as the treatment incidence of highest-priority critically important antimicrobials for human medicine, in lowland farms with high-yielding breeds and mountain farms with dual-purpose breeds. Mountain farms have a generally lower milk production and smaller herd size than lowland farms, provide cows with access to pasture, and limit concentrates in the diet. These management practices and the use of local/dual-purpose breeds could reduce the risk of production diseases and the consequent need for AMU.

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“…Many of the first-line, "responsible" antimicrobials have a relatively high total weight of active ingredient when compared with HP-CIAs, leading to calls for HP-CIAs to be measured and benchmarked separately from other antimicrobials (6,7). This study provides evidence that there in an ongoing need to change behaviour and reduce the use of HP-CIAs on dairy farms.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Storagementioning

confidence: 90%

“…Antimicrobial resistance is a recognised global threat and there have been many calls for improved understanding of antimicrobial prescription, use and recording (1,3,(6)(7)(8). Currently in the UK, antimicrobial use (AMU) in the dairy industry is measured through a combination of pharmaceutical production/import data and more recently using a sample of individual veterinary practice sales data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Storage of prescription veterinary medicines on UK dairy farms: a cross-sectional study

Rees

Barrett

Buller

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Prescription veterinary medicine (PVM) use in the United Kingdom is an area of increasing focus for the veterinary profession. While many studies measure antimicrobial use on dairy farms, none report the quantity of antimicrobials stored on farms, nor the ways in which they are stored. The majority of PVM treatments occur in the absence of the prescribing veterinarian, yet there is an identifiable knowledge gap surrounding PVM use and farmer decision making. To provide an evidence base for future work on PVM use, data were collected from 27 dairy farms in England and Wales in Autumn 2016. The number of different PVM stored on farms ranged from 9-35, with antimicrobials being the most common therapeutic group stored. Injectable antimicrobials comprised the greatest weight of active ingredient found while intramammary antimicrobials were the most frequent unit of medicine stored. Antimicrobials classed by the European Medicines Agency as critically-important to human health were present on most farms, and the presence of expired medicines and medicines not licensed for use in dairy cattle was also common. The medicine resources available to farmers are likely to influence their treatment decisions, therefore evidence of the PVM stored on farms can help inform understanding of medicine use.

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Evaluation of metrics for benchmarking antimicrobial use in the UK dairy industry

Cited by 52 publications

References 13 publications

Quantification of antibiotic use on dairy farms in Pennsylvania

Quantification of antibiotic use on dairy farms in Pennsylvania

Do Dairy Farming Systems Differ in Antimicrobial Use?

Storage of prescription veterinary medicines on UK dairy farms: a cross-sectional study

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