Evaluation of methyl iodide as a soil fumigant in container and small field plot studies

Becker, J. Ole; Ohr, H. D.; Grech, N. M.; McGiffen, Milton E.; Sims, James J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199801)52:1<58::aid-ps632>3.3.co;2-p

Cited by 24 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Yields were significantly increased in fumigated plots in a field study (Harveson and Rush 1994). Methyl iodide has also been evaluated as a potential methyl bromide replacement and was found to be as effective or more effective than methyl bromide as a fumigant for control of soilborne fungi, including R. solani (Becker et al 1998;Ohr et al 1996). Unfortunately, the relative cost of methyl iodide compared with other fumigants was not discussed in these publications and would need to be investigated in any future consideration of this product.…”

Section: Control Of the Soilborne Pathogens Of Beet Pre-planting Treamentioning

confidence: 94%

Management of soilborne diseases of beetroot in Australia: a review

Martin¹

2003

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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Soilborne fungal diseases threaten the viability of the Australian processing beetroot industry. Globally, Pythium spp., Aphanomyces cochlioides and Rhizoctonia solani are the predominant soilborne fungal pathogens responsible for a root rot complex in beet crops. In Australia, the disease problems have been exacerbated in recent years because crops are now grown virtually year round, and under environmental conditions favourable to infection. This has lead to increased inoculum levels in soils sown to beetroot. Moreover, nowhere in the world does there seem to be a single strategy that is completely efficacious in controlling these pathogens, so an effective management strategy will almost certainly involve a combination of tactics. The most likely combination seems to involve fungicide seed treatments, rotations of gramineous or biofumigant crops and the use of disease-resistant varieties of beet. The first of these, fungicidal seed dressings, are a cost-effective means of reducing pathogen inoculum and protecting young beets from infection. Hymexazol may be particularly useful in the Australian system, since it is active against both Pythium and Aphanomyces. To combat Rhizoctonia, it should be applied in combination with either pencycuron or toclophos methyl. Second, rotations of gramineous crops, such as maize or oats, or biofumigant brassica crops, such as white mustard, brussel sprouts or cabbage should also reduce the build-up of inoculum and offers a tactic to relieve the problem in the longer term. Third, alternative beetroot cultivars with resistance to Rhizoctonia have now been developed in USA breeding programs and should be considered by the Australian industry. Resistant varieties are potentially very useful since they offer a long-term approach to disease management that can be easily incorporated into existing production systems. Fourth, the alteration of sowing dates to avoid periods of high disease risk (e.g. confining sowing to the cooler, drier months) needs to be seriously considered by the Australian industry if it is committed to disease management. There is also evidence to suggest that seed priming may warrant consideration as a tool to use in combination with fungicide dressings to reduce disease in young plants. Biological seed treatments and soil fumigation appear to be tactics of limited value to the Australian beet industry.

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Section: Control Of the Soilborne Pathogens Of Beet Pre-planting Treamentioning

confidence: 94%

Management of soilborne diseases of beetroot in Australia: a review

Martin¹

2003

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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“…Early doseresponse studies evaluated the efficacy of pure MI and MBr to control a range of soilborne pathogens and found P. ultimum to be the most sensitive and R. solani to be the least sensitive (Hutchinson et al 2000;Ohr et al 1996), and only partial mortality of F. oxysporum and V. dahliae was achieved with these fumigants. Other studies have reported that MI and MBr controlled nematodes, including citrus nematode (Becker et al 1998;Hutchinson et al 1999;Luo et al 2010). Also, a doseresponse study on the efficacy of InLine (Klose et al 2007) found that P. ultimum was the most sensitive and V. dahliae the least sensitive, and a partial mortality was achieved for F. oxysporum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most MBr efficacy studies have assessed the dose response using pure MBr (98%) and found this compound very effective against a wide range of pests; however, the analog compound, MI, was found to be as effective as or more effective than MBr (Becker et al 1998;Hutchinson et al 1999;Hutchinson et al 2000;Ohr et al 1996;Zhang et al 1997). In this study, the mixed fumigants MBr:Pic (50:50) and MI:Pic (50:50) both controlled T. semipenetrans, P. ultimum and F. oxysporum, but MI:Pic was more effective in controlling R. solani compared to MBr:Pic (tables 3 and 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laboratory dose-response studies -which determine the relationship between the amount of fumigant and its effect on an organism -have indicated that MI is as effective as or more effective than MBr to control soilborne pathogens and weeds (Becker et al 1998;Hutchinson et al 1999;Hutchinson et al 2000;Luo et al 2010;Ohr et al 1996). MI has a synergistic relationship with chloropicrin under controlled conditions, similar to the relationship between MBr and chloropicrin (Hutchinson et al 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fumigant dosages below maximum label rate control some soilborne pathogens

Triky-Dotan¹,

Westerdahl²,

Martin³

et al. 2016

Calif Agr

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The activity of commercial soil fumigants on some key soilborne pathogens was assessed in sandy loam soil under controlled conditions. Seven soil fumigants that are registered in California or are being or have been considered for registration were used in this study: dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) mixed with chloropicrin (Pic) (79% DMDS and 21% Pic), Tri-Con (50% methyl bromide and 50% Pic), Midas Gold (33% methyl iodide [MI] and 67% Pic), Midas Bronze (50% MI and 50% Pic), Midas (MI, active ingredient [a.i.] 97.8%), Pic (a.i. 99% trichloronitromethane) and Pic-Clor 60 (57% Pic and 37% 1,3-dichloropropene [1-3,D]). Dose-response models were calculated for pathogen mortality after 24 hours of exposure to fumigants. Overall, the tested fumigants achieved good efficacy with dosages below the maximum label rate against the tested pathogens. In this study, Pythium ultimum and citrus nematode were sensitive to all the fumigants and Verticillium dahliae was resistant. For most fumigants, California regulations restrict application rates to less than the maximum (federal) label rate, meaning that it is possible that the fumigants may not control major plant pathogens. This research provides information on the effectiveness of these alternatives at these lower application rates. The results from this study will help growers optimize application rates for registered fumigants (such as Pic and 1,3-D) and will help accelerate the adoption of new fumigants (such as DMDS) if they are registered in California.C hemical fumigants control soilborne pathogens and weeds in many crop production systems. Methyl bromide (MBr) was the most commonly used preplant soil fumigant during the last 40 years. The California strawberry industry -valued at approximately $2.6 billion in 2014 (California Strawberry Commission 2016) -was highly dependent on MBr soil fumigation to control various soil pests and to maintain high productivity, as there are no disease-resistant strawberry varieties. MBr effectively controls a wide range of soilborne pathogens, diffuses through soil effectively and dissipates from soil rapidly. However, MBr has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol because it is an ozone-depleting compound.As a result of this phaseout, which began in 2001, the use of alternative fumigants such as 1,3-dichloropropene A dose-response study of soil fumigants found that some soilborne pathogens can be controlled at application rates that are lower than the maximum label rate.

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“…Soil daily minimum and maximum soil temperatures were monitored and recorded using HOBO Temp devices (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA) buried approximately 5 cm below the soil surface. Eleven weeks after infestation with H. schachtii (≈1,469 degree days, base temperature of 8°C [4]), one plant per microplot was harvested and approximately 350 cm 3 of soil was collected from around the plant. Adhering soil and cysts were shaken from the root systems and mixed into the corresponding soil sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Induction of Beet-Cyst Nematode Suppressiveness by the Fungi Dactylella oviparasitica and Fusarium oxysporum in Field Microplots

Olatinwo¹,

Borneman²,

Becker³

2006

Phytopathology®

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The ability of Dactylella oviparasitica and Fusarium oxysporum to suppress Heterodera schachtii numbers was examined in field microplots. Fungi were individually added to fumigated field soil that was seeded with sugar beet. Four weeks later, soils were infested with H. schachtii second-stage juveniles (J2). At two harvests, 11 weeks and 19 weeks (1,469 and 2,547 degree days (base 8°C), respectively) after nematode-infestation, H. schachtii cyst and egg numbers were assessed. At both time points, D. oviparasitica reduced H. schachtii population densities to those in the naturally suppressive soil, even when additional H. schachtii J2 were added to the microplots after the first harvest. Although F. oxy-sporum did not alter H. schachtii population densities after 11 weeks, significant reductions were detected after 19 weeks. The sustainability of the H. schachtii suppressiveness created by single applications of the fungi at the beginning of the microplot trials was further examined in a greenhouse study. Soil collected at the completion of the microplot trials was potted and seeded with sugar beet. Four weeks later, each pot was infested with H. schachtii J2. Approximately 16 weeks (1,389 degree days) after seeding, the D. oviparasitica-amended soil produced greater fresh root weights and considerably smaller nematode population densities than the nonamended control.

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Evaluation of methyl iodide as a soil fumigant in container and small field plot studies

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Management of soilborne diseases of beetroot in Australia: a review

Management of soilborne diseases of beetroot in Australia: a review

Fumigant dosages below maximum label rate control some soilborne pathogens

Induction of Beet-Cyst Nematode Suppressiveness by the Fungi Dactylella oviparasitica and Fusarium oxysporum in Field Microplots

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