Evaluation of methods to estimate cigarette smoke uptake

Hopkins, Robyn; Wood, Lesley E; Sinclair, Neil M.

doi:10.1038/clpt.1984.258

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Increased heart rate has been demonstrated following various forms of nicotine administration (Herxheimer et al 1967;Lucchesi et al 1967;Woodson et al 1986), with the degree of increase closely related to plasma nicotine (Hopkins et al 1984). In the present study, both doses of nicotine chewing gum led to significantly raised heart rate; 4 mg gum had a significantly greater effect than 2 mg gum, while cigarette smoking produced a significantly greater increase than either dose of gum (Table 2; Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Heart rate is increased by injected nicotine (Lucchesi et al 1967;Hopkins et al 1984), and cigarette smoking (Herxheimer et al 1967;Woodson et al 1986), although not by nicotine-free cigarettes (Herxheimer et al 1967). Central nervous system effects include increased alertness (Knott and Venables 1977;Waller and Levander 1980), improved letter cancellation (Williams 1980), Stroop test (Wesnes and Warburton 1978), and divided attention task performance (Leigh et al 1977).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Nicotine chewing gum (2 mg, 4 mg) and cigarette smoking: comparative effects upon vigilance and heart rate

Parrott

Winder

1989

Psychopharmacology

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Sixteen male smokers, abstinent the morning before testing, were assessed under four conditions: placebo chewing gum, 2 mg nicotine chewing gum, 4 mg nicotine gum, and cigarette smoking. Placebo gum was administered in the cigarette condition, while sham smoking occurred in the gum conditions. Pre-drug administration and post-drug difference scores were calculated for each assessment measure: rapid visual information processing (RVIP), memory for new information, and heart rate. Nicotine raised heart rate in a significant monotonic dose-related manner (P less than 0.001): placebo +0.2; 2 mg gum +5.1; 4 mg gum +9.8; cigarette +17.5 bpm. Rapid visual information processing target detections were also significantly related to dose (P less than 0.01), with this increased vigilance significant under 4 mg nicotine gum and cigarette smoking. Memory task performance was not significantly affected. Self-reported feelings of alertness/energy were higher while smoking than under placebo or 4 mg gum. Complaints about the taste of the 4 mg nicotine gum were frequent.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Nicotine chewing gum (2 mg, 4 mg) and cigarette smoking: comparative effects upon vigilance and heart rate

Parrott

Winder

1989

Psychopharmacology

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“…Among the physiological effects of smoking, heart rate response seems to covary with plasma nicotine rather closely (Hopkins et al 1984). A similar covariance has also been suggested by the comparison of basal heart rate levels between smokers abstaining from smoking with and without the help of nicotine-containing chewing gums (West et al 1984).…”

mentioning

confidence: 60%

Effects of smoking deprivation on smoking behavior and heart rate response in high and low CO absorbing smokers

Nil¹,

Woodson²,

Bättig³

1987

Psychopharmacology

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Short-term deprivation effects on smoking-induced heart rate response and smoking behavior were compared in consistently high and low CO absorbing smokers, suggested to depend differentially on smoking and/or nicotine. The subjects came to the laboratory for two afternoon sessions and smoked at 1 p.m. and at 5 p.m. both after previous free smoking and following afternoon or overnight-morning deprivation. Overnight-morning deprivation decreased presmoking heart rate in both groups similarly, but it increased heart rate response to smoking more in the high than low CO absorbers. Single cigarette tidal CO boosts concomitantly decreased in the high CO absorbers and remained at the habitually low level among the low CO absorbers. Afternoon deprivation had no effects on presmoking heart rate, presmoking tidal CO concentration and tidal CO boost, but increased the heart rate response to smoking in the high CO absorbers. Smoking need and satisfaction as well as puff volume and duration tended to increase after both deprivations slightly more among the high than low CO absorbers. These results are discussed in terms of a differential development of acute tolerance to nicotine in the two groups of smokers which dissipates during smoking abstinence periods.

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“…The overnight deprived smokers were required not to smoke for 12 h before testing. Compliance with these instructions was verbally checked on arrival, and biochemically con®rmed by expired breath carbon monoxide (CO) assessment, with abstinence taken as a reading of 510 ppm CO (Hopkins et al, 1984). No subject failed these criteria.…”

Section: Smoking Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative mood states and cognitive skills of cigarette smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers

Parrott

Garnham

1998

Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp.

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Regular cigarette smokers (n 15), overnight deprived smokers (n 15) and nonsmokers (n 20), were assessed on a battery of mood questionnaires and cognitive performance tasks, before and after a cigarette/rest period. At the initial session, deprived smokers reported signi®cantly greater feelings of stress, irritability, depression, poor concentration and low pleasure, than both nondeprived smokers and nonsmokers (all comparisons, p 5 0 . 01). After the rest/cigarette break, the mood states of all three groups became generally similar, although the previously deprived smokers still reported elevated depression. These ®ndings suggest that mood gains after smoking re¯ect the simple reversal of abstinence eects. On the cognitive tasks, there were no signi®cant dierences in letter cancellation performance between subgroups, either before or after smoking. With mental arithmetic, abstinent and nonabstinent smokers attempted more problems than nonsmokers, both before and after the rest/cigarette break. This is suggestive of faster cognitive processing in smokers, irrespective of their nicotine status. However, the cognitive performance data were untypical in various ways and need replication. #

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Evaluation of methods to estimate cigarette smoke uptake

Cited by 30 publications

References 6 publications

Nicotine chewing gum (2 mg, 4 mg) and cigarette smoking: comparative effects upon vigilance and heart rate

Nicotine chewing gum (2 mg, 4 mg) and cigarette smoking: comparative effects upon vigilance and heart rate

Effects of smoking deprivation on smoking behavior and heart rate response in high and low CO absorbing smokers

Comparative mood states and cognitive skills of cigarette smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers

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